diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
35 files changed, 1995 insertions, 195 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/debugobjects.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/debugobjects.tmpl index 7f5f218015f..08ff908aa7a 100644 --- a/Documentation/DocBook/debugobjects.tmpl +++ b/Documentation/DocBook/debugobjects.tmpl @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ number of errors are printk'ed including a full stack trace. </para> <para> - The statistics are available via debugfs/debug_objects/stats. + The statistics are available via /sys/kernel/debug/debug_objects/stats. They provide information about the number of warnings and the number of successful fixups along with information about the usage of the internal tracking objects and the state of the diff --git a/Documentation/accounting/getdelays.c b/Documentation/accounting/getdelays.c index 7ea231172c8..aa73e72fd79 100644 --- a/Documentation/accounting/getdelays.c +++ b/Documentation/accounting/getdelays.c @@ -246,7 +246,8 @@ void print_ioacct(struct taskstats *t) int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { - int c, rc, rep_len, aggr_len, len2, cmd_type; + int c, rc, rep_len, aggr_len, len2; + int cmd_type = TASKSTATS_CMD_ATTR_UNSPEC; __u16 id; __u32 mypid; diff --git a/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt b/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt index 4ef24501045..396bec3b74e 100644 --- a/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt +++ b/Documentation/atomic_ops.txt @@ -229,10 +229,10 @@ kernel. It is the use of atomic counters to implement reference counting, and it works such that once the counter falls to zero it can be guaranteed that no other entity can be accessing the object: -static void obj_list_add(struct obj *obj) +static void obj_list_add(struct obj *obj, struct list_head *head) { obj->active = 1; - list_add(&obj->list); + list_add(&obj->list, head); } static void obj_list_del(struct obj *obj) diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/packet-writing.txt b/Documentation/cdrom/packet-writing.txt index cf1f8126991..1c407778c8b 100644 --- a/Documentation/cdrom/packet-writing.txt +++ b/Documentation/cdrom/packet-writing.txt @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Using the pktcdvd debugfs interface To read pktcdvd device infos in human readable form, do: - # cat /debug/pktcdvd/pktcdvd[0-7]/info + # cat /sys/kernel/debug/pktcdvd/pktcdvd[0-7]/info For a description of the debugfs interface look into the file: diff --git a/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt b/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt index a7cbfff40d0..a124f3126b0 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt +++ b/Documentation/driver-model/device.txt @@ -162,3 +162,35 @@ device_remove_file(dev,&dev_attr_power); The file name will be 'power' with a mode of 0644 (-rw-r--r--). +Word of warning: While the kernel allows device_create_file() and +device_remove_file() to be called on a device at any time, userspace has +strict expectations on when attributes get created. When a new device is +registered in the kernel, a uevent is generated to notify userspace (like +udev) that a new device is available. If attributes are added after the +device is registered, then userspace won't get notified and userspace will +not know about the new attributes. + +This is important for device driver that need to publish additional +attributes for a device at driver probe time. If the device driver simply +calls device_create_file() on the device structure passed to it, then +userspace will never be notified of the new attributes. Instead, it should +probably use class_create() and class->dev_attrs to set up a list of +desired attributes in the modules_init function, and then in the .probe() +hook, and then use device_create() to create a new device as a child +of the probed device. The new device will generate a new uevent and +properly advertise the new attributes to userspace. + +For example, if a driver wanted to add the following attributes: +struct device_attribute mydriver_attribs[] = { + __ATTR(port_count, 0444, port_count_show), + __ATTR(serial_number, 0444, serial_number_show), + NULL +}; + +Then in the module init function is would do: + mydriver_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "my_attrs"); + mydriver_class.dev_attr = mydriver_attribs; + +And assuming 'dev' is the struct device passed into the probe hook, the driver +probe function would do something like: + create_device(&mydriver_class, dev, chrdev, &private_data, "my_name"); diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/get_dvb_firmware b/Documentation/dvb/get_dvb_firmware index 2f21ecd4c20..a52adfc9a57 100644 --- a/Documentation/dvb/get_dvb_firmware +++ b/Documentation/dvb/get_dvb_firmware @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ sub tda10045 { sub tda10046 { my $sourcefile = "TT_PCI_2.19h_28_11_2006.zip"; - my $url = "http://technotrend-online.com/download/software/219/$sourcefile"; + my $url = "http://www.tt-download.com/download/updates/219/$sourcefile"; my $hash = "6a7e1e2f2644b162ff0502367553c72d"; my $outfile = "dvb-fe-tda10046.fw"; my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1); @@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ sub tda10046 { } sub tda10046lifeview { - my $sourcefile = "Drv_2.11.02.zip"; - my $url = "http://www.lifeview.com.tw/drivers/pci_card/FlyDVB-T/$sourcefile"; + my $sourcefile = "7%5Cdrv_2.11.02.zip"; + my $url = "http://www.lifeview.hk/dbimages/document/$sourcefile"; my $hash = "1ea24dee4eea8fe971686981f34fd2e0"; my $outfile = "dvb-fe-tda10046.fw"; my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1); @@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ sub nxt2002 { sub nxt2004 { my $sourcefile = "AVerTVHD_MCE_A180_Drv_v1.2.2.16.zip"; - my $url = "http://www.aver.com/support/Drivers/$sourcefile"; + my $url = "http://www.avermedia-usa.com/support/Drivers/$sourcefile"; my $hash = "111cb885b1e009188346d72acfed024c"; my $outfile = "dvb-fe-nxt2004.fw"; my $tmpdir = tempdir(DIR => "/tmp", CLEANUP => 1); diff --git a/Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt b/Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt index 4bc374a1434..07930564079 100644 --- a/Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt +++ b/Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt @@ -29,16 +29,16 @@ o debugfs entries fault-inject-debugfs kernel module provides some debugfs entries for runtime configuration of fault-injection capabilities. -- /debug/fail*/probability: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/probability: likelihood of failure injection, in percent. Format: <percent> Note that one-failure-per-hundred is a very high error rate for some testcases. Consider setting probability=100 and configure - /debug/fail*/interval for such testcases. + /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval for such testcases. -- /debug/fail*/interval: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval: specifies the interval between failures, for calls to should_fail() that pass all the other tests. @@ -46,18 +46,18 @@ configuration of fault-injection capabilities. Note that if you enable this, by setting interval>1, you will probably want to set probability=100. -- /debug/fail*/times: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/times: specifies how many times failures may happen at most. A value of -1 means "no limit". -- /debug/fail*/space: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/space: specifies an initial resource "budget", decremented by "size" on each call to should_fail(,size). Failure injection is suppressed until "space" reaches zero. -- /debug/fail*/verbose +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/verbose Format: { 0 | 1 | 2 } specifies the verbosity of the messages when failure is @@ -65,17 +65,17 @@ configuration of fault-injection capabilities. log line per failure; '2' will print a call trace too -- useful to debug the problems revealed by fault injection. -- /debug/fail*/task-filter: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/task-filter: Format: { 'Y' | 'N' } A value of 'N' disables filtering by process (default). Any positive value limits failures to only processes indicated by /proc/<pid>/make-it-fail==1. -- /debug/fail*/require-start: -- /debug/fail*/require-end: -- /debug/fail*/reject-start: -- /debug/fail*/reject-end: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-start: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-end: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-start: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-end: specifies the range of virtual addresses tested during stacktrace walking. Failure is injected only if some caller @@ -84,26 +84,26 @@ configuration of fault-injection capabilities. Default required range is [0,ULONG_MAX) (whole of virtual address space). Default rejected range is [0,0). -- /debug/fail*/stacktrace-depth: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/stacktrace-depth: specifies the maximum stacktrace depth walked during search for a caller within [require-start,require-end) OR [reject-start,reject-end). -- /debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-highmem: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-highmem: Format: { 'Y' | 'N' } default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' won't inject failures into highmem/user allocations. -- /debug/failslab/ignore-gfp-wait: -- /debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-wait: +- /sys/kernel/debug/failslab/ignore-gfp-wait: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-wait: Format: { 'Y' | 'N' } default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' will inject failures only into non-sleep allocations (GFP_ATOMIC allocations). -- /debug/fail_page_alloc/min-order: +- /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/min-order: specifies the minimum page allocation order to be injected failures. @@ -166,13 +166,13 @@ o Inject slab allocation failures into module init/exit code #!/bin/bash FAILTYPE=failslab -echo Y > /debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter -echo 10 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/probability -echo 100 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/interval -echo -1 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/times -echo 0 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/space -echo 2 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose -echo 1 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait +echo Y > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter +echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability +echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval +echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times +echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space +echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose +echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait faulty_system() { @@ -217,20 +217,20 @@ then exit 1 fi -cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.text > /debug/$FAILTYPE/require-start -cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.data > /debug/$FAILTYPE/require-end +cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.text > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-start +cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.data > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-end -echo N > /debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter -echo 10 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/probability -echo 100 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/interval -echo -1 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/times -echo 0 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/space -echo 2 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose -echo 1 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait -echo 1 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-highmem -echo 10 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/stacktrace-depth +echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter +echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability +echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval +echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times +echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space +echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose +echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait +echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-highmem +echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/stacktrace-depth -trap "echo 0 > /debug/$FAILTYPE/probability" SIGINT SIGTERM EXIT +trap "echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability" SIGINT SIGTERM EXIT echo "Injecting errors into the module $module... (interrupt to stop)" sleep 1000000 diff --git a/Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt b/Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt index ee277dd204b..950d5a658cb 100644 --- a/Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt +++ b/Documentation/fb/vesafb.txt @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ There is no way to change the vesafb video mode and/or timings after booting linux. If you are not happy with the 60 Hz refresh rate, you have these options: - * configure and load the DOS-Tools for your the graphics board (if + * configure and load the DOS-Tools for the graphics board (if available) and boot linux with loadlin. * use a native driver (matroxfb/atyfb) instead if vesafb. If none is available, write a new one! diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt index cd8717a3627..ebff3c10a07 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt @@ -1003,11 +1003,13 @@ CHAPTER 3: PER-PROCESS PARAMETERS 3.1 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj - Adjust the oom-killer score ------------------------------------------------------ -This file can be used to adjust the score used to select which processes -should be killed in an out-of-memory situation. Giving it a high score will -increase the likelihood of this process being killed by the oom-killer. Valid -values are in the range -16 to +15, plus the special value -17, which disables -oom-killing altogether for this process. +This file can be used to adjust the score used to select which processes should +be killed in an out-of-memory situation. The oom_adj value is a characteristic +of the task's mm, so all threads that share an mm with pid will have the same +oom_adj value. A high value will increase the likelihood of this process being +killed by the oom-killer. Valid values are in the range -16 to +15 as +explained below and a special value of -17, which disables oom-killing +altogether for threads sharing pid's mm. The process to be killed in an out-of-memory situation is selected among all others based on its badness score. This value equals the original memory size of the process @@ -1021,6 +1023,9 @@ the parent's score if they do not share the same memory. Thus forking servers are the prime candidates to be killed. Having only one 'hungry' child will make parent less preferable than the child. +/proc/<pid>/oom_adj cannot be changed for kthreads since they are immune from +oom-killing already. + /proc/<pid>/oom_score shows process' current badness score. The following heuristics are then applied: diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt index 5147be5e13c..b58b84b50fa 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt @@ -132,6 +132,11 @@ rodir -- FAT has the ATTR_RO (read-only) attribute. On Windows, If you want to use ATTR_RO as read-only flag even for the directory, set this option. +errors=panic|continue|remount-ro + -- specify FAT behavior on critical errors: panic, continue + without doing anything or remount the partition in + read-only mode (default behavior). + <bool>: 0,1,yes,no,true,false TODO diff --git a/Documentation/firmware_class/README b/Documentation/firmware_class/README index c3480aa66ba..7eceaff63f5 100644 --- a/Documentation/firmware_class/README +++ b/Documentation/firmware_class/README @@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ seconds for the whole load operation. - request_firmware_nowait() is also provided for convenience in - non-user contexts. + user contexts to request firmware asynchronously, but can't be called + in atomic contexts. about in-kernel persistence: diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/f71882fg b/Documentation/hwmon/f71882fg index a8321267b5b..bee4c30bc1e 100644 --- a/Documentation/hwmon/f71882fg +++ b/Documentation/hwmon/f71882fg @@ -2,14 +2,18 @@ Kernel driver f71882fg ====================== Supported chips: - * Fintek F71882FG and F71883FG - Prefix: 'f71882fg' + * Fintek F71858FG + Prefix: 'f71858fg' Addresses scanned: none, address read from Super I/O config space Datasheet: Available from the Fintek website * Fintek F71862FG and F71863FG Prefix: 'f71862fg' Addresses scanned: none, address read from Super I/O config space Datasheet: Available from the Fintek website + * Fintek F71882FG and F71883FG + Prefix: 'f71882fg' + Addresses scanned: none, address read from Super I/O config space + Datasheet: Available from the Fintek website * Fintek F8000 Prefix: 'f8000' Addresses scanned: none, address read from Super I/O config space @@ -66,13 +70,13 @@ printed when loading the driver. Three different fan control modes are supported; the mode number is written to the pwm#_enable file. Note that not all modes are supported on all -chips, and some modes may only be available in RPM / PWM mode on the F8000. +chips, and some modes may only be available in RPM / PWM mode. Writing an unsupported mode will result in an invalid parameter error. * 1: Manual mode You ask for a specific PWM duty cycle / DC voltage or a specific % of fan#_full_speed by writing to the pwm# file. This mode is only - available on the F8000 if the fan channel is in RPM mode. + available on the F71858FG / F8000 if the fan channel is in RPM mode. * 2: Normal auto mode You can define a number of temperature/fan speed trip points, which % the diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/ibmaem b/Documentation/hwmon/ibmaem index e98bdfea346..1e0d59e000b 100644 --- a/Documentation/hwmon/ibmaem +++ b/Documentation/hwmon/ibmaem @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ henceforth as AEM. Supported systems: * Any recent IBM System X server with AEM support. This includes the x3350, x3550, x3650, x3655, x3755, x3850 M2, - x3950 M2, and certain HS2x/LS2x/QS2x blades. The IPMI host interface + x3950 M2, and certain HC10/HS2x/LS2x/QS2x blades. The IPMI host interface driver ("ipmi-si") needs to be loaded for this driver to do anything. Prefix: 'ibmaem' Datasheet: Not available diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/sysfs-interface b/Documentation/hwmon/sysfs-interface index 004ee161721..dcbd502c879 100644 --- a/Documentation/hwmon/sysfs-interface +++ b/Documentation/hwmon/sysfs-interface @@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ are interpreted as 0! For more on how written strings are interpreted see the [0-*] denotes any positive number starting from 0 [1-*] denotes any positive number starting from 1 RO read only value +WO write only value RW read/write value Read/write values may be read-only for some chips, depending on the @@ -295,6 +296,24 @@ temp[1-*]_label Suggested temperature channel label. user-space. RO +temp[1-*]_lowest + Historical minimum temperature + Unit: millidegree Celsius + RO + +temp[1-*]_highest + Historical maximum temperature + Unit: millidegree Celsius + RO + +temp[1-*]_reset_history + Reset temp_lowest and temp_highest + WO + +temp_reset_history + Reset temp_lowest and temp_highest for all sensors + WO + Some chips measure temperature using external thermistors and an ADC, and report the temperature measurement as a voltage. Converting this voltage back to a temperature (or the other way around for limits) requires diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/tmp401 b/Documentation/hwmon/tmp401 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9fc44724921 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/hwmon/tmp401 @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Kernel driver tmp401 +==================== + +Supported chips: + * Texas Instruments TMP401 + Prefix: 'tmp401' + Addresses scanned: I2C 0x4c + Datasheet: http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/tmp401.html + * Texas Instruments TMP411 + Prefix: 'tmp411' + Addresses scanned: I2C 0x4c + Datasheet: http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/tmp411.html + +Authors: + Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com> + Andre Prendel <andre.prendel@gmx.de> + +Description +----------- + +This driver implements support for Texas Instruments TMP401 and +TMP411 chips. These chips implements one remote and one local +temperature sensor. Temperature is measured in degrees +Celsius. Resolution of the remote sensor is 0.0625 degree. Local +sensor resolution can be set to 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 or 0.0625 degree (not +supported by the driver so far, so using the default resolution of 0.5 +degree). + +The driver provides the common sysfs-interface for temperatures (see +/Documentation/hwmon/sysfs-interface under Temperatures). + +The TMP411 chip is compatible with TMP401. It provides some additional +features. + +* Minimum and Maximum temperature measured since power-on, chip-reset + + Exported via sysfs attributes tempX_lowest and tempX_highest. + +* Reset of historical minimum/maximum temperature measurements + + Exported via sysfs attribute temp_reset_history. Writing 1 to this + file triggers a reset. diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/w83627ehf b/Documentation/hwmon/w83627ehf index b6eb59384bb..02b74899eda 100644 --- a/Documentation/hwmon/w83627ehf +++ b/Documentation/hwmon/w83627ehf @@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ Supported chips: Addresses scanned: ISA address retrieved from Super I/O registers Datasheet: http://www.nuvoton.com.tw/NR/rdonlyres/7885623D-A487-4CF9-A47F-30C5F73D6FE6/0/W83627DHG.pdf + * Winbond W83627DHG-P + Prefix: 'w83627dhg' + Addresses scanned: ISA address retrieved from Super I/O registers + Datasheet: not available * Winbond W83667HG Prefix: 'w83667hg' Addresses scanned: ISA address retrieved from Super I/O registers @@ -28,8 +32,8 @@ Description ----------- This driver implements support for the Winbond W83627EHF, W83627EHG, -W83627DHG and W83667HG super I/O chips. We will refer to them collectively -as Winbond chips. +W83627DHG, W83627DHG-P and W83667HG super I/O chips. We will refer to them +collectively as Winbond chips. The chips implement three temperature sensors, five fan rotation speed sensors, ten analog voltage sensors (only nine for the 627DHG), one @@ -135,3 +139,6 @@ done in the driver for all register addresses. The DHG also supports PECI, where the DHG queries Intel CPU temperatures, and the ICH8 southbridge gets that data via PECI from the DHG, so that the southbridge drives the fans. And the DHG supports SST, a one-wire serial bus. + +The DHG-P has an additional automatic fan speed control mode named Smart Fan +(TM) III+. This mode is not yet supported by the driver. diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-viapro b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-viapro index 22efedf60c8..2e758b0e945 100644 --- a/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-viapro +++ b/Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-viapro @@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ Supported adapters: * VIA Technologies, Inc. VX800/VX820 Datasheet: available on http://linux.via.com.tw + * VIA Technologies, Inc. VX855/VX875 + Datasheet: Availability unknown + Authors: Kyösti Mälkki <kmalkki@cc.hut.fi>, Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>, @@ -53,6 +56,7 @@ Your lspci -n listing must show one of these : device 1106:3287 (VT8251) device 1106:8324 (CX700) device 1106:8353 (VX800/VX820) + device 1106:8409 (VX855/VX875) If none of these show up, you should look in the BIOS for settings like enable ACPI / SMBus or even USB. diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt index ad380063077..5578248c18a 100644 --- a/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt +++ b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt @@ -546,6 +546,10 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file console=brl,ttyS0 For now, only VisioBraille is supported. + consoleblank= [KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in + seconds. Defaults to 10*60 = 10mins. A value of 0 + disables the blank timer. + coredump_filter= [KNL] Change the default value for /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter. diff --git a/Documentation/kmemcheck.txt b/Documentation/kmemcheck.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..363044609da --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/kmemcheck.txt @@ -0,0 +1,773 @@ +GETTING STARTED WITH KMEMCHECK +============================== + +Vegard Nossum <vegardno@ifi.uio.no> + + +Contents +======== +0. Introduction +1. Downloading +2. Configuring and compiling +3. How to use +3.1. Booting +3.2. Run-time enable/disable +3.3. Debugging +3.4. Annotating false positives +4. Reporting errors +5. Technical description + + +0. Introduction +=============== + +kmemcheck is a debugging feature for the Linux Kernel. More specifically, it +is a dynamic checker that detects and warns about some uses of uninitialized +memory. + +Userspace programmers might be familiar with Valgrind's memcheck. The main +difference between memcheck and kmemcheck is that memcheck works for userspace +programs only, and kmemcheck works for the kernel only. The implementations +are of course vastly different. Because of this, kmemcheck is not as accurate +as memcheck, but it turns out to be good enough in practice to discover real +programmer errors that the compiler is not able to find through static +analysis. + +Enabling kmemcheck on a kernel will probably slow it down to the extent that +the machine will not be usable for normal workloads such as e.g. an +interactive desktop. kmemcheck will also cause the kernel to use about twice +as much memory as normal. For this reason, kmemcheck is strictly a debugging +feature. + + +1. Downloading +============== + +kmemcheck can only be downloaded using git. If you want to write patches +against the current code, you should use the kmemcheck development branch of +the tip tree. It is also possible to use the linux-next tree, which also +includes the latest version of kmemcheck. + +Assuming that you've already cloned the linux-2.6.git repository, all you +have to do is add the -tip tree as a remote, like this: + + $ git remote add tip git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip.git + +To actually download the tree, fetch the remote: + + $ git fetch tip + +And to check out a new local branch with the kmemcheck code: + + $ git checkout -b kmemcheck tip/kmemcheck + +General instructions for the -tip tree can be found here: +http://people.redhat.com/mingo/tip.git/readme.txt + + +2. Configuring and compiling +============================ + +kmemcheck only works for the x86 (both 32- and 64-bit) platform. A number of +configuration variables must have specific settings in order for the kmemcheck +menu to even appear in "menuconfig". These are: + + o CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE=n + + This option is located under "General setup" / "Optimize for size". + + Without this, gcc will use certain optimizations that usually lead to + false positive warnings from kmemcheck. An example of this is a 16-bit + field in a struct, where gcc may load 32 bits, then discard the upper + 16 bits. kmemcheck sees only the 32-bit load, and may trigger a + warning for the upper 16 bits (if they're uninitialized). + + o CONFIG_SLAB=y or CONFIG_SLUB=y + + This option is located under "General setup" / "Choose SLAB + allocator". + + o CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER=n + + This option is located under "Kernel hacking" / "Tracers" / "Kernel + Function Tracer" + + When function tracing is compiled in, gcc emits a call to another + function at the beginning of every function. This means that when the + page fault handler is called, the ftrace framework will be called + before kmemcheck has had a chance to handle the fault. If ftrace then + modifies memory that was tracked by kmemcheck, the result is an + endless recursive page fault. + + o CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC=n + + This option is located under "Kernel hacking" / "Debug page memory + allocations". + +In addition, I highly recommend turning on CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO=y. This is also +located under "Kernel hacking". With this, you will be able to get line number +information from the kmemcheck warnings, which is extremely valuable in +debugging a problem. This option is not mandatory, however, because it slows +down the compilation process and produces a much bigger kernel image. + +Now the kmemcheck menu should be visible (under "Kernel hacking" / "kmemcheck: +trap use of uninitialized memory"). Here follows a description of the +kmemcheck configuration variables: + + o CONFIG_KMEMCHECK + + This must be enabled in order to use kmemcheck at all... + + o CONFIG_KMEMCHECK_[DISABLED | ENABLED | ONESHOT]_BY_DEFAULT + + This option controls the status of kmemcheck at boot-time. "Enabled" + will enable kmemcheck right from the start, "disabled" will boot the + kernel as normal (but with the kmemcheck code compiled in, so it can + be enabled at run-time after the kernel has booted), and "one-shot" is + a special mode which will turn kmemcheck off automatically after + detecting the first use of uninitialized memory. + + If you are using kmemcheck to actively debug a problem, then you + probably want to choose "enabled" here. + + The one-shot mode is mostly useful in automated test setups because it + can prevent floods of warnings and increase the chances of the machine + surviving in case something is really wrong. In other cases, the one- + shot mode could actually be counter-productive because it would turn + itself off at the very first error -- in the case of a false positive + too -- and this would come in the way of debugging the specific + problem you were interested in. + + If you would like to use your kernel as normal, but with a chance to + enable kmemcheck in case of some problem, it might be a good idea to + choose "disabled" here. When kmemcheck is disabled, most of the run- + time overhead is not incurred, and the kernel will be almost as fast + as normal. + + o CONFIG_KMEMCHECK_QUEUE_SIZE + + Select the maximum number of error reports to store in an internal + (fixed-size) buffer. Since errors can occur virtually anywhere and in + any context, we need a temporary storage area which is guaranteed not + to generate any other page faults when accessed. The queue will be + emptied as soon as a tasklet may be scheduled. If the queue is full, + new error reports will be lost. + + The default value of 64 is probably fine. If some code produces more + than 64 errors within an irqs-off section, then the code is likely to + produce many, many more, too, and these additional reports seldom give + any more information (the first report is usually the most valuable + anyway). + + This number might have to be adjusted if you are not using serial + console or similar to capture the kernel log. If you are using the + "dmesg" command to save the log, then getting a lot of kmemcheck + warnings might overflow the kernel log itself, and the earlier reports + will get lost in that way instead. Try setting this to 10 or so on + such a setup. + + o CONFIG_KMEMCHECK_SHADOW_COPY_SHIFT + + Select the number of shadow bytes to save along with each entry of the + error-report queue. These bytes indicate what parts of an allocation + are initialized, uninitialized, etc. and will be displayed when an + error is detected to help the debugging of a particular problem. + + The number entered here is actually the logarithm of the number of + bytes that will be saved. So if you pick for example 5 here, kmemcheck + will save 2^5 = 32 bytes. + + The default value should be fine for debugging most problems. It also + fits nicely within 80 columns. + + o CONFIG_KMEMCHECK_PARTIAL_OK + + This option (when enabled) works around certain GCC optimizations that + produce 32-bit reads from 16-bit variables where the upper 16 bits are + thrown away afterwards. + + The default value (enabled) is recommended. This may of course hide + some real errors, but disabling it would probably produce a lot of + false positives. + + o CONFIG_KMEMCHECK_BITOPS_OK + + This option silences warnings that would be generated for bit-field + accesses where not all the bits are initialized at the same time. This + may also hide some real bugs. + + This option is probably obsolete, or it should be replaced with + the kmemcheck-/bitfield-annotations for the code in question. The + default value is therefore fine. + +Now compile the kernel as usual. + + +3. How to use +============= + +3.1. Booting +============ + +First some information about the command-line options. There is only one +option specific to kmemcheck, and this is called "kmemcheck". It can be used +to override the default mode as chosen by the CONFIG_KMEMCHECK_*_BY_DEFAULT +option. Its possible settings are: + + o kmemcheck=0 (disabled) + o kmemcheck=1 (enabled) + o kmemcheck=2 (one-shot mode) + +If SLUB debugging has been enabled in the kernel, it may take precedence over +kmemcheck in such a way that the slab caches which are under SLUB debugging +will not be tracked by kmemcheck. In order to ensure that this doesn't happen +(even though it shouldn't by default), use SLUB's boot option "slub_debug", +like this: slub_debug=- + +In fact, this option may also be used for fine-grained control over SLUB vs. +kmemcheck. For example, if the command line includes "kmemcheck=1 +slub_debug=,dentry", then SLUB debugging will be used only for the "dentry" +slab cache, and with kmemcheck tracking all the other caches. This is advanced +usage, however, and is not generally recommended. + + +3.2. Run-time enable/disable +============================ + +When the kernel has booted, it is possible to enable or disable kmemcheck at +run-time. WARNING: This feature is still experimental and may cause false +positive warnings to appear. Therefore, try not to use this. If you find that +it doesn't work properly (e.g. you see an unreasonable amount of warnings), I +will be happy to take bug reports. + +Use the file /proc/sys/kernel/kmemcheck for this purpose, e.g.: + + $ echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/kmemcheck # disables kmemcheck + +The numbers are the same as for the kmemcheck= command-line option. + + +3.3. Debugging +============== + +A typical report will look something like this: + +WARNING: kmemcheck: Caught 32-bit read from uninitialized memory (ffff88003e4a2024) +80000000000000000000000000000000000000000088ffff0000000000000000 + i i i i u u u u i i i i i i i i u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u + ^ + +Pid: 1856, comm: ntpdate Not tainted 2.6.29-rc5 #264 945P-A +RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff8104ede8>] [<ffffffff8104ede8>] __dequeue_signal+0xc8/0x190 +RSP: 0018:ffff88003cdf7d98 EFLAGS: 00210002 +RAX: 0000000000000030 RBX: ffff88003d4ea968 RCX: 0000000000000009 +RDX: ffff88003e5d6018 RSI: ffff88003e5d6024 RDI: ffff88003cdf7e84 +RBP: ffff88003cdf7db8 R08: ffff88003e5d6000 R09: 0000000000000000 +R10: 0000000000000080 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 000000000000000e +R13: ffff88003cdf7e78 R14: ffff88003d530710 R15: ffff88003d5a98c8 +FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff880001982000(0063) knlGS:00000 +CS: 0010 DS: 002b ES: 002b CR0: 0000000080050033 +CR2: ffff88003f806ea0 CR3: 000000003c036000 CR4: 00000000000006a0 +DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 +DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff4ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 + [<ffffffff8104f04e>] dequeue_signal+0x8e/0x170 + [<ffffffff81050bd8>] get_signal_to_deliver+0x98/0x390 + [<ffffffff8100b87d>] do_notify_resume+0xad/0x7d0 + [<ffffffff8100c7b5>] int_signal+0x12/0x17 + [<ffffffffffffffff>] 0xffffffffffffffff + +The single most valuable information in this report is the RIP (or EIP on 32- +bit) value. This will help us pinpoint exactly which instruction that caused +the warning. + +If your kernel was compiled with CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO=y, then all we have to do +is give this address to the addr2line program, like this: + + $ addr2line -e vmlinux -i ffffffff8104ede8 + arch/x86/include/asm/string_64.h:12 + include/asm-generic/siginfo.h:287 + kernel/signal.c:380 + kernel/signal.c:410 + +The "-e vmlinux" tells addr2line which file to look in. IMPORTANT: This must +be the vmlinux of the kernel that produced the warning in the first place! If +not, the line number information will almost certainly be wrong. + +The "-i" tells addr2line to also print the line numbers of inlined functions. +In this case, the flag was very important, because otherwise, it would only +have printed the first line, which is just a call to memcpy(), which could be +called from a thousand places in the kernel, and is therefore not very useful. +These inlined functions would not show up in the stack trace above, simply +because the kernel doesn't load the extra debugging information. This +technique can of course be used with ordinary kernel oopses as well. + +In this case, it's the caller of memcpy() that is interesting, and it can be +found in include/asm-generic/siginfo.h, line 287: + +281 static inline void copy_siginfo(struct siginfo *to, struct siginfo *from) +282 { +283 if (from->si_code < 0) +284 memcpy(to, from, sizeof(*to)); +285 else +286 /* _sigchld is currently the largest know union member */ +287 memcpy(to, from, __ARCH_SI_PREAMBLE_SIZE + sizeof(from->_sifields._sigchld)); +288 } + +Since this was a read (kmemcheck usually warns about reads only, though it can +warn about writes to unallocated or freed memory as well), it was probably the +"from" argument which contained some uninitialized bytes. Following the chain +of calls, we move upwards to see where "from" was allocated or initialized, +kernel/signal.c, line 380: + +359 static void collect_signal(int sig, struct sigpending *list, siginfo_t *info) +360 { +... +367 list_for_each_entry(q, &list->list, list) { +368 if (q->info.si_signo == sig) { +369 if (first) +370 goto still_pending; +371 first = q; +... +377 if (first) { +378 still_pending: +379 list_del_init(&first->list); +380 copy_siginfo(info, &first->info); +381 __sigqueue_free(first); +... +392 } +393 } + +Here, it is &first->info that is being passed on to copy_siginfo(). The +variable "first" was found on a list -- passed in as the second argument to +collect_signal(). We continue our journey through the stack, to figure out +where the item on "list" was allocated or initialized. We move to line 410: + +395 static int __dequeue_signal(struct sigpending *pending, sigset_t *mask, +396 siginfo_t *info) +397 { +... +410 collect_signal(sig, pending, info); +... +414 } + +Now we need to follow the "pending" pointer, since that is being passed on to +collect_signal() as "list". At this point, we've run out of lines from the +"addr2line" output. Not to worry, we just paste the next addresses from the +kmemcheck stack dump, i.e.: + + [<ffffffff8104f04e>] dequeue_signal+0x8e/0x170 + [<ffffffff81050bd8>] get_signal_to_deliver+0x98/0x390 + [<ffffffff8100b87d>] do_notify_resume+0xad/0x7d0 + [<ffffffff8100c7b5>] int_signal+0x12/0x17 + + $ addr2line -e vmlinux -i ffffffff8104f04e ffffffff81050bd8 \ + ffffffff8100b87d ffffffff8100c7b5 + kernel/signal.c:446 + kernel/signal.c:1806 + arch/x86/kernel/signal.c:805 + arch/x86/kernel/signal.c:871 + arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S:694 + +Remember that since these addresses were found on the stack and not as the +RIP value, they actually point to the _next_ instruction (they are return +addresses). This becomes obvious when we look at the code for line 446: + +422 int dequeue_signal(struct task_struct *tsk, sigset_t *mask, siginfo_t *info) +423 { +... +431 signr = __dequeue_signal(&tsk->signal->shared_pending, +432 mask, info); +433 /* +434 * itimer signal ? +435 * +436 * itimers are process shared and we restart periodic +437 * itimers in the signal delivery path to prevent DoS +438 * attacks in the high resolution timer case. This is +439 * compliant with the old way of self restarting +440 * itimers, as the SIGALRM is a legacy signal and only +441 * queued once. Changing the restart behaviour to +442 * restart the timer in the signal dequeue path is +443 * reducing the timer noise on heavy loaded !highres +444 * systems too. +445 */ +446 if (unlikely(signr == SIGALRM)) { +... +489 } + +So instead of looking at 446, we should be looking at 431, which is the line +that executes just before 446. Here we see that what we are looking for is +&tsk->signal->shared_pending. + +Our next task is now to figure out which function that puts items on this +"shared_pending" list. A crude, but efficient tool, is git grep: + + $ git grep -n 'shared_pending' kernel/ + ... + kernel/signal.c:828: pending = group ? &t->signal->shared_pending : &t->pending; + kernel/signal.c:1339: pending = group ? &t->signal->shared_pending : &t->pending; + ... + +There were more results, but none of them were related to list operations, +and these were the only assignments. We inspect the line numbers more closely +and find that this is indeed where items are being added to the list: + +816 static int send_signal(int sig, struct siginfo *info, struct task_struct *t, +817 int group) +818 { +... +828 pending = group ? &t->signal->shared_pending : &t->pending; +... +851 q = __sigqueue_alloc(t, GFP_ATOMIC, (sig < SIGRTMIN && +852 (is_si_special(info) || +853 info->si_code >= 0))); +854 if (q) { +855 list_add_tail(&q->list, &pending->list); +... +890 } + +and: + +1309 int send_sigqueue(struct sigqueue *q, struct task_struct *t, int group) +1310 { +.... +1339 pending = group ? &t->signal->shared_pending : &t->pending; +1340 list_add_tail(&q->list, &pending->list); +.... +1347 } + +In the first case, the list element we are looking for, "q", is being returned +from the function __sigqueue_alloc(), which looks like an allocation function. +Let's take a look at it: + +187 static struct sigqueue *__sigqueue_alloc(struct task_struct *t, gfp_t flags, +188 int override_rlimit) +189 { +190 struct sigqueue *q = NULL; +191 struct user_struct *user; +192 +193 /* +194 * We won't get problems with the target's UID changing under us +195 * because changing it requires RCU be used, and if t != current, the +196 * caller must be holding the RCU readlock (by way of a spinlock) and +197 * we use RCU protection here +198 */ +199 user = get_uid(__task_cred(t)->user); +200 atomic_inc(&user->sigpending); +201 if (override_rlimit || +202 atomic_read(&user->sigpending) <= +203 t->signal->rlim[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING].rlim_cur) +204 q = kmem_cache_alloc(sigqueue_cachep, flags); +205 if (unlikely(q == NULL)) { +206 atomic_dec(&user->sigpending); +207 free_uid(user); +208 } else { +209 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&q->list); +210 q->flags = 0; +211 q->user = user; +212 } +213 +214 return q; +215 } + +We see that this function initializes q->list, q->flags, and q->user. It seems +that now is the time to look at the definition of "struct sigqueue", e.g.: + +14 struct sigqueue { +15 struct list_head list; +16 int flags; +17 siginfo_t info; +18 struct user_struct *user; +19 }; + +And, you might remember, it was a memcpy() on &first->info that caused the +warning, so this makes perfect sense. It also seems reasonable to assume that +it is the caller of __sigqueue_alloc() that has the responsibility of filling +out (initializing) this member. + +But just which fields of the struct were uninitialized? Let's look at +kmemcheck's report again: + +WARNING: kmemcheck: Caught 32-bit read from uninitialized memory (ffff88003e4a2024) +80000000000000000000000000000000000000000088ffff0000000000000000 + i i i i u u u u i i i i i i i i u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u + ^ + +These first two lines are the memory dump of the memory object itself, and the +shadow bytemap, respectively. The memory object itself is in this case +&first->info. Just beware that the start of this dump is NOT the start of the +object itself! The position of the caret (^) corresponds with the address of +the read (ffff88003e4a2024). + +The shadow bytemap dump legend is as follows: + + i - initialized + u - uninitialized + a - unallocated (memory has been allocated by the slab layer, but has not + yet been handed off to anybody) + f - freed (memory has been allocated by the slab layer, but has been freed + by the previous owner) + +In order to figure out where (relative to the start of the object) the +uninitialized memory was located, we have to look at the disassembly. For +that, we'll need the RIP address again: + +RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff8104ede8>] [<ffffffff8104ede8>] __dequeue_signal+0xc8/0x190 + + $ objdump -d --no-show-raw-insn vmlinux | grep -C 8 ffffffff8104ede8: + ffffffff8104edc8: mov %r8,0x8(%r8) + ffffffff8104edcc: test %r10d,%r10d + ffffffff8104edcf: js ffffffff8104ee88 <__dequeue_signal+0x168> + ffffffff8104edd5: mov %rax,%rdx + ffffffff8104edd8: mov $0xc,%ecx + ffffffff8104eddd: mov %r13,%rdi + ffffffff8104ede0: mov $0x30,%eax + ffffffff8104ede5: mov %rdx,%rsi + ffffffff8104ede8: rep movsl %ds:(%rsi),%es:(%rdi) + ffffffff8104edea: test $0x2,%al + ffffffff8104edec: je ffffffff8104edf0 <__dequeue_signal+0xd0> + ffffffff8104edee: movsw %ds:(%rsi),%es:(%rdi) + ffffffff8104edf0: test $0x1,%al + ffffffff8104edf2: je ffffffff8104edf5 <__dequeue_signal+0xd5> + ffffffff8104edf4: movsb %ds:(%rsi),%es:(%rdi) + ffffffff8104edf5: mov %r8,%rdi + ffffffff8104edf8: callq ffffffff8104de60 <__sigqueue_free> + +As expected, it's the "rep movsl" instruction from the memcpy() that causes +the warning. We know about REP MOVSL that it uses the register RCX to count +the number of remaining iterations. By taking a look at the register dump +again (from the kmemcheck report), we can figure out how many bytes were left +to copy: + +RAX: 0000000000000030 RBX: ffff88003d4ea968 RCX: 0000000000000009 + +By looking at the disassembly, we also see that %ecx is being loaded with the +value $0xc just before (ffffffff8104edd8), so we are very lucky. Keep in mind +that this is the number of iterations, not bytes. And since this is a "long" +operation, we need to multiply by 4 to get the number of bytes. So this means +that the uninitialized value was encountered at 4 * (0xc - 0x9) = 12 bytes +from the start of the object. + +We can now try to figure out which field of the "struct siginfo" that was not +initialized. This is the beginning of the struct: + +40 typedef struct siginfo { +41 int si_signo; +42 int si_errno; +43 int si_code; +44 +45 union { +.. +92 } _sifields; +93 } siginfo_t; + +On 64-bit, the int is 4 bytes long, so it must the the union member that has +not been initialized. We can verify this using gdb: + + $ gdb vmlinux + ... + (gdb) p &((struct siginfo *) 0)->_sifields + $1 = (union {...} *) 0x10 + +Actually, it seems that the union member is located at offset 0x10 -- which +means that gcc has inserted 4 bytes of padding between the members si_code +and _sifields. We can now get a fuller picture of the memory dump: + + _----------------------------=> si_code + / _--------------------=> (padding) + | / _------------=> _sifields(._kill._pid) + | | / _----=> _sifields(._kill._uid) + | | | / +-------|-------|-------|-------| +80000000000000000000000000000000000000000088ffff0000000000000000 + i i i i u u u u i i i i i i i i u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u + +This allows us to realize another important fact: si_code contains the value +0x80. Remember that x86 is little endian, so the first 4 bytes "80000000" are +really the number 0x00000080. With a bit of research, we find that this is +actually the constant SI_KERNEL defined in include/asm-generic/siginfo.h: + +144 #define SI_KERNEL 0x80 /* sent by the kernel from somewhere */ + +This macro is used in exactly one place in the x86 kernel: In send_signal() +in kernel/signal.c: + +816 static int send_signal(int sig, struct siginfo *info, struct task_struct *t, +817 int group) +818 { +... +828 pending = group ? &t->signal->shared_pending : &t->pending; +... +851 q = __sigqueue_alloc(t, GFP_ATOMIC, (sig < SIGRTMIN && +852 (is_si_special(info) || +853 info->si_code >= 0))); +854 if (q) { +855 list_add_tail(&q->list, &pending->list); +856 switch ((unsigned long) info) { +... +865 case (unsigned long) SEND_SIG_PRIV: +866 q->info.si_signo = sig; +867 q->info.si_errno = 0; +868 q->info.si_code = SI_KERNEL; +869 q->info.si_pid = 0; +870 q->info.si_uid = 0; +871 break; +... +890 } + +Not only does this match with the .si_code member, it also matches the place +we found earlier when looking for where siginfo_t objects are enqueued on the +"shared_pending" list. + +So to sum up: It seems that it is the padding introduced by the compiler +between two struct fields that is uninitialized, and this gets reported when +we do a memcpy() on the struct. This means that we have identified a false +positive warning. + +Normally, kmemcheck will not report uninitialized accesses in memcpy() calls +when both the source and destination addresses are tracked. (Instead, we copy +the shadow bytemap as well). In this case, the destination address clearly +was not tracked. We can dig a little deeper into the stack trace from above: + + arch/x86/kernel/signal.c:805 + arch/x86/kernel/signal.c:871 + arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S:694 + +And we clearly see that the destination siginfo object is located on the +stack: + +782 static void do_signal(struct pt_regs *regs) +783 { +784 struct k_sigaction ka; +785 siginfo_t info; +... +804 signr = get_signal_to_deliver(&info, &ka, regs, NULL); +... +854 } + +And this &info is what eventually gets passed to copy_siginfo() as the +destination argument. + +Now, even though we didn't find an actual error here, the example is still a +good one, because it shows how one would go about to find out what the report +was all about. + + +3.4. Annotating false positives +=============================== + +There are a few different ways to make annotations in the source code that +will keep kmemcheck from checking and reporting certain allocations. Here +they are: + + o __GFP_NOTRACK_FALSE_POSITIVE + + This flag can be passed to kmalloc() or kmem_cache_alloc() (therefore + also to other functions that end up calling one of these) to indicate + that the allocation should not be tracked because it would lead to + a false positive report. This is a "big hammer" way of silencing + kmemcheck; after all, even if the false positive pertains to + particular field in a struct, for example, we will now lose the + ability to find (real) errors in other parts of the same struct. + + Example: + + /* No warnings will ever trigger on accessing any part of x */ + x = kmalloc(sizeof *x, GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_NOTRACK_FALSE_POSITIVE); + + o kmemcheck_bitfield_begin(name)/kmemcheck_bitfield_end(name) and + kmemcheck_annotate_bitfield(ptr, name) + + The first two of these three macros can be used inside struct + definitions to signal, respectively, the beginning and end of a + bitfield. Additionally, this will assign the bitfield a name, which + is given as an argument to the macros. + + Having used these markers, one can later use + kmemcheck_annotate_bitfield() at the point of allocation, to indicate + which parts of the allocation is part of a bitfield. + + Example: + + struct foo { + int x; + + kmemcheck_bitfield_begin(flags); + int flag_a:1; + int flag_b:1; + kmemcheck_bitfield_end(flags); + + int y; + }; + + struct foo *x = kmalloc(sizeof *x); + + /* No warnings will trigger on accessing the bitfield of x */ + kmemcheck_annotate_bitfield(x, flags); + + Note that kmemcheck_annotate_bitfield() can be used even before the + return value of kmalloc() is checked -- in other words, passing NULL + as the first argument is legal (and will do nothing). + + +4. Reporting errors +=================== + +As we have seen, kmemcheck will produce false positive reports. Therefore, it +is not very wise to blindly post kmemcheck warnings to mailing lists and +maintainers. Instead, I encourage maintainers and developers to find errors +in their own code. If you get a warning, you can try to work around it, try +to figure out if it's a real error or not, or simply ignore it. Most +developers know their own code and will quickly and efficiently determine the +root cause of a kmemcheck report. This is therefore also the most efficient +way to work with kmemcheck. + +That said, we (the kmemcheck maintainers) will always be on the lookout for +false positives that we can annotate and silence. So whatever you find, +please drop us a note privately! Kernel configs and steps to reproduce (if +available) are of course a great help too. + +Happy hacking! + + +5. Technical description +======================== + +kmemcheck works by marking memory pages non-present. This means that whenever +somebody attempts to access the page, a page fault is generated. The page +fault handler notices that the page was in fact only hidden, and so it calls +on the kmemcheck code to make further investigations. + +When the investigations are completed, kmemcheck "shows" the page by marking +it present (as it would be under normal circumstances). This way, the +interrupted code can continue as usual. + +But after the instruction has been executed, we should hide the page again, so +that we can catch the next access too! Now kmemcheck makes use of a debugging +feature of the processor, namely single-stepping. When the processor has +finished the one instruction that generated the memory access, a debug +exception is raised. From here, we simply hide the page again and continue +execution, this time with the single-stepping feature turned off. + +kmemcheck requires some assistance from the memory allocator in order to work. +The memory allocator needs to + + 1. Tell kmemcheck about newly allocated pages and pages that are about to + be freed. This allows kmemcheck to set up and tear down the shadow memory + for the pages in question. The shadow memory stores the status of each + byte in the allocation proper, e.g. whether it is initialized or + uninitialized. + + 2. Tell kmemcheck which parts of memory should be marked uninitialized. + There are actually a few more states, such as "not yet allocated" and + "recently freed". + +If a slab cache is set up using the SLAB_NOTRACK flag, it will never return +memory that can take page faults because of kmemcheck. + +If a slab cache is NOT set up using the SLAB_NOTRACK flag, callers can still +request memory with the __GFP_NOTRACK or __GFP_NOTRACK_FALSE_POSITIVE flags. +This does not prevent the page faults from occurring, however, but marks the +object in question as being initialized so that no warnings will ever be +produced for this object. + +Currently, the SLAB and SLUB allocators are supported by kmemcheck. diff --git a/Documentation/kprobes.txt b/Documentation/kprobes.txt index 1e7a769a10f..053037a1fe6 100644 --- a/Documentation/kprobes.txt +++ b/Documentation/kprobes.txt @@ -507,9 +507,9 @@ http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2006/linuxsymposium_procv2.pdf (pages 101-115) Appendix A: The kprobes debugfs interface With recent kernels (> 2.6.20) the list of registered kprobes is visible -under the /debug/kprobes/ directory (assuming debugfs is mounted at /debug). +under the /sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/ directory (assuming debugfs is mounted at //sys/kernel/debug). -/debug/kprobes/list: Lists all registered probes on the system +/sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/list: Lists all registered probes on the system c015d71a k vfs_read+0x0 c011a316 j do_fork+0x0 @@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ virtual addresses that correspond to modules that've been unloaded), such probes are marked with [GONE]. If the probe is temporarily disabled, such probes are marked with [DISABLED]. -/debug/kprobes/enabled: Turn kprobes ON/OFF forcibly. +/sys/kernel/debug/kprobes/enabled: Turn kprobes ON/OFF forcibly. Provides a knob to globally and forcibly turn registered kprobes ON or OFF. By default, all kprobes are enabled. By echoing "0" to this file, all diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt b/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt index 6fab2dcbb4d..c4de6359d44 100644 --- a/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt +++ b/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt @@ -233,8 +233,8 @@ These protections are added to score to judge whether this zone should be used for page allocation or should be reclaimed. In this example, if normal pages (index=2) are required to this DMA zone and -pages_high is used for watermark, the kernel judges this zone should not be -used because pages_free(1355) is smaller than watermark + protection[2] +watermark[WMARK_HIGH] is used for watermark, the kernel judges this zone should +not be used because pages_free(1355) is smaller than watermark + protection[2] (4 + 2004 = 2008). If this protection value is 0, this zone would be used for normal page requirement. If requirement is DMA zone(index=0), protection[0] (=0) is used. @@ -280,9 +280,10 @@ The default value is 65536. min_free_kbytes: This is used to force the Linux VM to keep a minimum number -of kilobytes free. The VM uses this number to compute a pages_min -value for each lowmem zone in the system. Each lowmem zone gets -a number of reserved free pages based proportionally on its size. +of kilobytes free. The VM uses this number to compute a +watermark[WMARK_MIN] value for each lowmem zone in the system. +Each lowmem zone gets a number of reserved free pages based +proportionally on its size. Some minimal amount of memory is needed to satisfy PF_MEMALLOC allocations; if you set this to lower than 1024KB, your system will @@ -314,10 +315,14 @@ min_unmapped_ratio: This is available only on NUMA kernels. -A percentage of the total pages in each zone. Zone reclaim will only -occur if more than this percentage of pages are file backed and unmapped. -This is to insure that a minimal amount of local pages is still available for -file I/O even if the node is overallocated. +This is a percentage of the total pages in each zone. Zone reclaim will +only occur if more than this percentage of pages are in a state that +zone_reclaim_mode allows to be reclaimed. + +If zone_reclaim_mode has the value 4 OR'd, then the percentage is compared +against all file-backed unmapped pages including swapcache pages and tmpfs +files. Otherwise, only unmapped pages backed by normal files but not tmpfs +files and similar are considered. The default is 1 percent. diff --git a/Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt b/Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt index 7bd27f0e288..a39b3c749de 100644 --- a/Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt +++ b/Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt @@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ Copyright 2008 Red Hat Inc. (dual licensed under the GPL v2) Reviewers: Elias Oltmanns, Randy Dunlap, Andrew Morton, John Kacur, and David Teigland. - Written for: 2.6.28-rc2 Introduction @@ -33,13 +32,26 @@ The File System Ftrace uses the debugfs file system to hold the control files as well as the files to display output. -To mount the debugfs system: +When debugfs is configured into the kernel (which selecting any ftrace +option will do) the directory /sys/kernel/debug will be created. To mount +this directory, you can add to your /etc/fstab file: + + debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs defaults 0 0 + +Or you can mount it at run time with: + + mount -t debugfs nodev /sys/kernel/debug - # mkdir /debug - # mount -t debugfs nodev /debug +For quicker access to that directory you may want to make a soft link to +it: -( Note: it is more common to mount at /sys/kernel/debug, but for - simplicity this document will use /debug) + ln -s /sys/kernel/debug /debug + +Any selected ftrace option will also create a directory called tracing +within the debugfs. The rest of the document will assume that you are in +the ftrace directory (cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing) and will only concentrate +on the files within that directory and not distract from the content with +the extended "/sys/kernel/debug/tracing" path name. That's it! (assuming that you have ftrace configured into your kernel) @@ -389,18 +401,18 @@ trace_options The trace_options file is used to control what gets printed in the trace output. To see what is available, simply cat the file: - cat /debug/tracing/trace_options + cat trace_options print-parent nosym-offset nosym-addr noverbose noraw nohex nobin \ noblock nostacktrace nosched-tree nouserstacktrace nosym-userobj To disable one of the options, echo in the option prepended with "no". - echo noprint-parent > /debug/tracing/trace_options + echo noprint-parent > trace_options To enable an option, leave off the "no". - echo sym-offset > /debug/tracing/trace_options + echo sym-offset > trace_options Here are the available options: @@ -476,11 +488,11 @@ sched_switch This tracer simply records schedule switches. Here is an example of how to use it. - # echo sched_switch > /debug/tracing/current_tracer - # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled + # echo sched_switch > current_tracer + # echo 1 > tracing_enabled # sleep 1 - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled - # cat /debug/tracing/trace + # echo 0 > tracing_enabled + # cat trace # tracer: sched_switch # @@ -583,13 +595,13 @@ new trace is saved. To reset the maximum, echo 0 into tracing_max_latency. Here is an example: - # echo irqsoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency - # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled + # echo irqsoff > current_tracer + # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency + # echo 1 > tracing_enabled # ls -ltr [...] - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled - # cat /debug/tracing/latency_trace + # echo 0 > tracing_enabled + # cat latency_trace # tracer: irqsoff # irqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26 @@ -690,13 +702,13 @@ Like the irqsoff tracer, it records the maximum latency for which preemption was disabled. The control of preemptoff tracer is much like the irqsoff tracer. - # echo preemptoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency - # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled + # echo preemptoff > current_tracer + # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency + # echo 1 > tracing_enabled # ls -ltr [...] - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled - # cat /debug/tracing/latency_trace + # echo 0 > tracing_enabled + # cat latency_trace # tracer: preemptoff # preemptoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8 @@ -837,13 +849,13 @@ tracer. Again, using this trace is much like the irqsoff and preemptoff tracers. - # echo preemptirqsoff > /debug/tracing/current_tracer - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency - # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled + # echo preemptirqsoff > current_tracer + # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency + # echo 1 > tracing_enabled # ls -ltr [...] - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled - # cat /debug/tracing/latency_trace + # echo 0 > tracing_enabled + # cat latency_trace # tracer: preemptirqsoff # preemptirqsoff latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8 @@ -999,12 +1011,12 @@ slightly differently than we did with the previous tracers. Instead of performing an 'ls', we will run 'sleep 1' under 'chrt' which changes the priority of the task. - # echo wakeup > /debug/tracing/current_tracer - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency - # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled + # echo wakeup > current_tracer + # echo 0 > tracing_max_latency + # echo 1 > tracing_enabled # chrt -f 5 sleep 1 - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled - # cat /debug/tracing/latency_trace + # echo 0 > tracing_enabled + # cat latency_trace # tracer: wakeup # wakeup latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.26-rc8 @@ -1114,11 +1126,11 @@ can be done from the debug file system. Make sure the ftrace_enabled is set; otherwise this tracer is a nop. # sysctl kernel.ftrace_enabled=1 - # echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer - # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled + # echo function > current_tracer + # echo 1 > tracing_enabled # usleep 1 - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled - # cat /debug/tracing/trace + # echo 0 > tracing_enabled + # cat trace # tracer: function # # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION @@ -1155,7 +1167,7 @@ int trace_fd; [...] int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { [...] - trace_fd = open("/debug/tracing/tracing_enabled", O_WRONLY); + trace_fd = open(tracing_file("tracing_enabled"), O_WRONLY); [...] if (condition_hit()) { write(trace_fd, "0", 1); @@ -1163,26 +1175,20 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { [...] } -Note: Here we hard coded the path name. The debugfs mount is not -guaranteed to be at /debug (and is more commonly at -/sys/kernel/debug). For simple one time traces, the above is -sufficent. For anything else, a search through /proc/mounts may -be needed to find where the debugfs file-system is mounted. - Single thread tracing --------------------- -By writing into /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid you can trace a +By writing into set_ftrace_pid you can trace a single thread. For example: -# cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid +# cat set_ftrace_pid no pid -# echo 3111 > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid -# cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid +# echo 3111 > set_ftrace_pid +# cat set_ftrace_pid 3111 -# echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer -# cat /debug/tracing/trace | head +# echo function > current_tracer +# cat trace | head # tracer: function # # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION @@ -1193,8 +1199,8 @@ no pid yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254683: lock_hrtimer_base <-hrtimer_try_to_cancel yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254685: fget_light <-do_sys_poll yum-updatesd-3111 [003] 1637.254686: pipe_poll <-do_sys_poll -# echo -1 > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid -# cat /debug/tracing/trace |head +# echo -1 > set_ftrace_pid +# cat trace |head # tracer: function # # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION @@ -1216,6 +1222,51 @@ something like this simple program: #include <fcntl.h> #include <unistd.h> +#define _STR(x) #x +#define STR(x) _STR(x) +#define MAX_PATH 256 + +const char *find_debugfs(void) +{ + static char debugfs[MAX_PATH+1]; + static int debugfs_found; + char type[100]; + FILE *fp; + + if (debugfs_found) + return debugfs; + + if ((fp = fopen("/proc/mounts","r")) == NULL) { + perror("/proc/mounts"); + return NULL; + } + + while (fscanf(fp, "%*s %" + STR(MAX_PATH) + "s %99s %*s %*d %*d\n", + debugfs, type) == 2) { + if (strcmp(type, "debugfs") == 0) + break; + } + fclose(fp); + + if (strcmp(type, "debugfs") != 0) { + fprintf(stderr, "debugfs not mounted"); + return NULL; + } + + debugfs_found = 1; + + return debugfs; +} + +const char *tracing_file(const char *file_name) +{ + static char trace_file[MAX_PATH+1]; + snprintf(trace_file, MAX_PATH, "%s/%s", find_debugfs(), file_name); + return trace_file; +} + int main (int argc, char **argv) { if (argc < 1) @@ -1226,12 +1277,12 @@ int main (int argc, char **argv) char line[64]; int s; - ffd = open("/debug/tracing/current_tracer", O_WRONLY); + ffd = open(tracing_file("current_tracer"), O_WRONLY); if (ffd < 0) exit(-1); write(ffd, "nop", 3); - fd = open("/debug/tracing/set_ftrace_pid", O_WRONLY); + fd = open(tracing_file("set_ftrace_pid"), O_WRONLY); s = sprintf(line, "%d\n", getpid()); write(fd, line, s); @@ -1383,22 +1434,22 @@ want, depending on your needs. tracing_cpu_mask file) or you might sometimes see unordered function calls while cpu tracing switch. - hide: echo nofuncgraph-cpu > /debug/tracing/trace_options - show: echo funcgraph-cpu > /debug/tracing/trace_options + hide: echo nofuncgraph-cpu > trace_options + show: echo funcgraph-cpu > trace_options - The duration (function's time of execution) is displayed on the closing bracket line of a function or on the same line than the current function in case of a leaf one. It is default enabled. - hide: echo nofuncgraph-duration > /debug/tracing/trace_options - show: echo funcgraph-duration > /debug/tracing/trace_options + hide: echo nofuncgraph-duration > trace_options + show: echo funcgraph-duration > trace_options - The overhead field precedes the duration field in case of reached duration thresholds. - hide: echo nofuncgraph-overhead > /debug/tracing/trace_options - show: echo funcgraph-overhead > /debug/tracing/trace_options + hide: echo nofuncgraph-overhead > trace_options + show: echo funcgraph-overhead > trace_options depends on: funcgraph-duration ie: @@ -1427,8 +1478,8 @@ want, depending on your needs. - The task/pid field displays the thread cmdline and pid which executed the function. It is default disabled. - hide: echo nofuncgraph-proc > /debug/tracing/trace_options - show: echo funcgraph-proc > /debug/tracing/trace_options + hide: echo nofuncgraph-proc > trace_options + show: echo funcgraph-proc > trace_options ie: @@ -1451,8 +1502,8 @@ want, depending on your needs. system clock since it started. A snapshot of this time is given on each entry/exit of functions - hide: echo nofuncgraph-abstime > /debug/tracing/trace_options - show: echo funcgraph-abstime > /debug/tracing/trace_options + hide: echo nofuncgraph-abstime > trace_options + show: echo funcgraph-abstime > trace_options ie: @@ -1549,7 +1600,7 @@ listed in: available_filter_functions - # cat /debug/tracing/available_filter_functions + # cat available_filter_functions put_prev_task_idle kmem_cache_create pick_next_task_rt @@ -1561,12 +1612,12 @@ mutex_lock If I am only interested in sys_nanosleep and hrtimer_interrupt: # echo sys_nanosleep hrtimer_interrupt \ - > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter - # echo ftrace > /debug/tracing/current_tracer - # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled + > set_ftrace_filter + # echo ftrace > current_tracer + # echo 1 > tracing_enabled # usleep 1 - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled - # cat /debug/tracing/trace + # echo 0 > tracing_enabled + # cat trace # tracer: ftrace # # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION @@ -1577,7 +1628,7 @@ If I am only interested in sys_nanosleep and hrtimer_interrupt: To see which functions are being traced, you can cat the file: - # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter + # cat set_ftrace_filter hrtimer_interrupt sys_nanosleep @@ -1597,7 +1648,7 @@ Note: It is better to use quotes to enclose the wild cards, otherwise the shell may expand the parameters into names of files in the local directory. - # echo 'hrtimer_*' > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter + # echo 'hrtimer_*' > set_ftrace_filter Produces: @@ -1618,7 +1669,7 @@ Produces: Notice that we lost the sys_nanosleep. - # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter + # cat set_ftrace_filter hrtimer_run_queues hrtimer_run_pending hrtimer_init @@ -1644,17 +1695,17 @@ To append to the filters, use '>>' To clear out a filter so that all functions will be recorded again: - # echo > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter - # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter + # echo > set_ftrace_filter + # cat set_ftrace_filter # Again, now we want to append. - # echo sys_nanosleep > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter - # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter + # echo sys_nanosleep > set_ftrace_filter + # cat set_ftrace_filter sys_nanosleep - # echo 'hrtimer_*' >> /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter - # cat /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_filter + # echo 'hrtimer_*' >> set_ftrace_filter + # cat set_ftrace_filter hrtimer_run_queues hrtimer_run_pending hrtimer_init @@ -1677,7 +1728,7 @@ hrtimer_init_sleeper The set_ftrace_notrace prevents those functions from being traced. - # echo '*preempt*' '*lock*' > /debug/tracing/set_ftrace_notrace + # echo '*preempt*' '*lock*' > set_ftrace_notrace Produces: @@ -1767,13 +1818,13 @@ the effect on the tracing is different. Every read from trace_pipe is consumed. This means that subsequent reads will be different. The trace is live. - # echo function > /debug/tracing/current_tracer - # cat /debug/tracing/trace_pipe > /tmp/trace.out & + # echo function > current_tracer + # cat trace_pipe > /tmp/trace.out & [1] 4153 - # echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled + # echo 1 > tracing_enabled # usleep 1 - # echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled - # cat /debug/tracing/trace + # echo 0 > tracing_enabled + # cat trace # tracer: function # # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION @@ -1809,7 +1860,7 @@ number listed is the number of entries that can be recorded per CPU. To know the full size, multiply the number of possible CPUS with the number of entries. - # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb + # cat buffer_size_kb 1408 (units kilobytes) Note, to modify this, you must have tracing completely disabled. @@ -1817,18 +1868,18 @@ To do that, echo "nop" into the current_tracer. If the current_tracer is not set to "nop", an EINVAL error will be returned. - # echo nop > /debug/tracing/current_tracer - # echo 10000 > /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb - # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb + # echo nop > current_tracer + # echo 10000 > buffer_size_kb + # cat buffer_size_kb 10000 (units kilobytes) The number of pages which will be allocated is limited to a percentage of available memory. Allocating too much will produce an error. - # echo 1000000000000 > /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb + # echo 1000000000000 > buffer_size_kb -bash: echo: write error: Cannot allocate memory - # cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb + # cat buffer_size_kb 85 ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/trace/mmiotrace.txt b/Documentation/trace/mmiotrace.txt index 5731c67abc5..162effbfbde 100644 --- a/Documentation/trace/mmiotrace.txt +++ b/Documentation/trace/mmiotrace.txt @@ -32,41 +32,41 @@ is no way to automatically detect if you are losing events due to CPUs racing. Usage Quick Reference --------------------- -$ mount -t debugfs debugfs /debug -$ echo mmiotrace > /debug/tracing/current_tracer -$ cat /debug/tracing/trace_pipe > mydump.txt & +$ mount -t debugfs debugfs /sys/kernel/debug +$ echo mmiotrace > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/current_tracer +$ cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe > mydump.txt & Start X or whatever. -$ echo "X is up" > /debug/tracing/trace_marker -$ echo nop > /debug/tracing/current_tracer +$ echo "X is up" > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_marker +$ echo nop > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/current_tracer Check for lost events. Usage ----- -Make sure debugfs is mounted to /debug. If not, (requires root privileges) -$ mount -t debugfs debugfs /debug +Make sure debugfs is mounted to /sys/kernel/debug. If not, (requires root privileges) +$ mount -t debugfs debugfs /sys/kernel/debug Check that the driver you are about to trace is not loaded. Activate mmiotrace (requires root privileges): -$ echo mmiotrace > /debug/tracing/current_tracer +$ echo mmiotrace > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/current_tracer Start storing the trace: -$ cat /debug/tracing/trace_pipe > mydump.txt & +$ cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe > mydump.txt & The 'cat' process should stay running (sleeping) in the background. Load the driver you want to trace and use it. Mmiotrace will only catch MMIO accesses to areas that are ioremapped while mmiotrace is active. During tracing you can place comments (markers) into the trace by -$ echo "X is up" > /debug/tracing/trace_marker +$ echo "X is up" > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_marker This makes it easier to see which part of the (huge) trace corresponds to which action. It is recommended to place descriptive markers about what you do. Shut down mmiotrace (requires root privileges): -$ echo nop > /debug/tracing/current_tracer +$ echo nop > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/current_tracer The 'cat' process exits. If it does not, kill it by issuing 'fg' command and pressing ctrl+c. @@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ to view your kernel log and look for "mmiotrace has lost events" warning. If events were lost, the trace is incomplete. You should enlarge the buffers and try again. Buffers are enlarged by first seeing how large the current buffers are: -$ cat /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb +$ cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb gives you a number. Approximately double this number and write it back, for instance: -$ echo 128000 > /debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb +$ echo 128000 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/buffer_size_kb Then start again from the top. If you are doing a trace for a driver project, e.g. Nouveau, you should also diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.cx23885 b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.cx23885 index 91aa3c0f0dd..450b8f8c389 100644 --- a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.cx23885 +++ b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.cx23885 @@ -16,3 +16,8 @@ 15 -> TeVii S470 [d470:9022] 16 -> DVBWorld DVB-S2 2005 [0001:2005] 17 -> NetUP Dual DVB-S2 CI [1b55:2a2c] + 18 -> Hauppauge WinTV-HVR1270 [0070:2211] + 19 -> Hauppauge WinTV-HVR1275 [0070:2215] + 20 -> Hauppauge WinTV-HVR1255 [0070:2251] + 21 -> Hauppauge WinTV-HVR1210 [0070:2291,0070:2295] + 22 -> Mygica X8506 DMB-TH [14f1:8651] diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.cx88 b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.cx88 index 71e9db0b26f..89093f53172 100644 --- a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.cx88 +++ b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.cx88 @@ -78,3 +78,5 @@ 77 -> TBS 8910 DVB-S [8910:8888] 78 -> Prof 6200 DVB-S [b022:3022] 79 -> Terratec Cinergy HT PCI MKII [153b:1177] + 80 -> Hauppauge WinTV-IR Only [0070:9290] + 81 -> Leadtek WinFast DTV1800 Hybrid [107d:6654] diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.em28xx b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.em28xx index 78d0a6eed57..a98a688c11b 100644 --- a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.em28xx +++ b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.em28xx @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ 16 -> Hauppauge WinTV HVR 950 (em2883) [2040:6513,2040:6517,2040:651b] 17 -> Pinnacle PCTV HD Pro Stick (em2880) [2304:0227] 18 -> Hauppauge WinTV HVR 900 (R2) (em2880) [2040:6502] - 19 -> PointNix Intra-Oral Camera (em2860) + 19 -> EM2860/SAA711X Reference Design (em2860) 20 -> AMD ATI TV Wonder HD 600 (em2880) [0438:b002] 21 -> eMPIA Technology, Inc. GrabBeeX+ Video Encoder (em2800) [eb1a:2801] 22 -> Unknown EM2750/EM2751 webcam grabber (em2750) [eb1a:2750,eb1a:2751] @@ -61,3 +61,7 @@ 63 -> Kaiomy TVnPC U2 (em2860) [eb1a:e303] 64 -> Easy Cap Capture DC-60 (em2860) 65 -> IO-DATA GV-MVP/SZ (em2820/em2840) [04bb:0515] + 66 -> Empire dual TV (em2880) + 67 -> Terratec Grabby (em2860) [0ccd:0096] + 68 -> Terratec AV350 (em2860) [0ccd:0084] + 69 -> KWorld ATSC 315U HDTV TV Box (em2882) [eb1a:a313] diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.saa7134 b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.saa7134 index 6dacf282525..15562427e8a 100644 --- a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.saa7134 +++ b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.saa7134 @@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ 123 -> Beholder BeholdTV 407 [0000:4070] 124 -> Beholder BeholdTV 407 FM [0000:4071] 125 -> Beholder BeholdTV 409 [0000:4090] -126 -> Beholder BeholdTV 505 FM/RDS [0000:5051,0000:505B,5ace:5050] -127 -> Beholder BeholdTV 507 FM/RDS / BeholdTV 509 FM [0000:5071,0000:507B,5ace:5070,5ace:5090] +126 -> Beholder BeholdTV 505 FM [5ace:5050] +127 -> Beholder BeholdTV 507 FM / BeholdTV 509 FM [5ace:5070,5ace:5090] 128 -> Beholder BeholdTV Columbus TVFM [0000:5201] -129 -> Beholder BeholdTV 607 / BeholdTV 609 [5ace:6070,5ace:6071,5ace:6072,5ace:6073,5ace:6090,5ace:6091,5ace:6092,5ace:6093] +129 -> Beholder BeholdTV 607 FM [5ace:6070] 130 -> Beholder BeholdTV M6 [5ace:6190] 131 -> Twinhan Hybrid DTV-DVB 3056 PCI [1822:0022] 132 -> Genius TVGO AM11MCE @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ 142 -> Beholder BeholdTV H6 [5ace:6290] 143 -> Beholder BeholdTV M63 [5ace:6191] 144 -> Beholder BeholdTV M6 Extra [5ace:6193] -145 -> AVerMedia MiniPCI DVB-T Hybrid M103 [1461:f636] +145 -> AVerMedia MiniPCI DVB-T Hybrid M103 [1461:f636,1461:f736] 146 -> ASUSTeK P7131 Analog 147 -> Asus Tiger 3in1 [1043:4878] 148 -> Encore ENLTV-FM v5.3 [1a7f:2008] @@ -154,4 +154,16 @@ 153 -> Kworld Plus TV Analog Lite PCI [17de:7128] 154 -> Avermedia AVerTV GO 007 FM Plus [1461:f31d] 155 -> Hauppauge WinTV-HVR1120 ATSC/QAM-Hybrid [0070:6706,0070:6708] -156 -> Hauppauge WinTV-HVR1110r3 [0070:6707,0070:6709,0070:670a] +156 -> Hauppauge WinTV-HVR1110r3 DVB-T/Hybrid [0070:6707,0070:6709,0070:670a] +157 -> Avermedia AVerTV Studio 507UA [1461:a11b] +158 -> AVerMedia Cardbus TV/Radio (E501R) [1461:b7e9] +159 -> Beholder BeholdTV 505 RDS [0000:505B] +160 -> Beholder BeholdTV 507 RDS [0000:5071] +161 -> Beholder BeholdTV 507 RDS [0000:507B] +162 -> Beholder BeholdTV 607 FM [5ace:6071] +163 -> Beholder BeholdTV 609 FM [5ace:6090] +164 -> Beholder BeholdTV 609 FM [5ace:6091] +165 -> Beholder BeholdTV 607 RDS [5ace:6072] +166 -> Beholder BeholdTV 607 RDS [5ace:6073] +167 -> Beholder BeholdTV 609 RDS [5ace:6092] +168 -> Beholder BeholdTV 609 RDS [5ace:6093] diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.tuner b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.tuner index 691d2f37dc5..be67844074d 100644 --- a/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.tuner +++ b/Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.tuner @@ -76,3 +76,5 @@ tuner=75 - Philips TEA5761 FM Radio tuner=76 - Xceive 5000 tuner tuner=77 - TCL tuner MF02GIP-5N-E tuner=78 - Philips FMD1216MEX MK3 Hybrid Tuner +tuner=79 - Philips PAL/SECAM multi (FM1216 MK5) +tuner=80 - Philips FQ1216LME MK3 PAL/SECAM w/active loopthrough diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/gspca.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/gspca.txt index 98529e03a46..2bcf78896e2 100644 --- a/Documentation/video4linux/gspca.txt +++ b/Documentation/video4linux/gspca.txt @@ -163,10 +163,11 @@ sunplus 055f:c650 Mustek MDC5500Z zc3xx 055f:d003 Mustek WCam300A zc3xx 055f:d004 Mustek WCam300 AN conex 0572:0041 Creative Notebook cx11646 -ov519 05a9:0519 OmniVision +ov519 05a9:0519 OV519 Microphone ov519 05a9:0530 OmniVision -ov519 05a9:4519 OmniVision +ov519 05a9:4519 Webcam Classic ov519 05a9:8519 OmniVision +ov519 05a9:a518 D-Link DSB-C310 Webcam sunplus 05da:1018 Digital Dream Enigma 1.3 stk014 05e1:0893 Syntek DV4000 spca561 060b:a001 Maxell Compact Pc PM3 @@ -178,6 +179,7 @@ spca506 06e1:a190 ADS Instant VCD ov534 06f8:3002 Hercules Blog Webcam ov534 06f8:3003 Hercules Dualpix HD Weblog sonixj 06f8:3004 Hercules Classic Silver +sonixj 06f8:3008 Hercules Deluxe Optical Glass spca508 0733:0110 ViewQuest VQ110 spca508 0130:0130 Clone Digital Webcam 11043 spca501 0733:0401 Intel Create and Share @@ -209,6 +211,7 @@ sunplus 08ca:2050 Medion MD 41437 sunplus 08ca:2060 Aiptek PocketDV5300 tv8532 0923:010f ICM532 cams mars 093a:050f Mars-Semi Pc-Camera +mr97310a 093a:010f Sakar Digital no. 77379 pac207 093a:2460 Qtec Webcam 100 pac207 093a:2461 HP Webcam pac207 093a:2463 Philips SPC 220 NC @@ -265,6 +268,11 @@ sonixj 0c45:60ec SN9C105+MO4000 sonixj 0c45:60fb Surfer NoName sonixj 0c45:60fc LG-LIC300 sonixj 0c45:60fe Microdia Audio +sonixj 0c45:6100 PC Camera (SN9C128) +sonixj 0c45:610a PC Camera (SN9C128) +sonixj 0c45:610b PC Camera (SN9C128) +sonixj 0c45:610c PC Camera (SN9C128) +sonixj 0c45:610e PC Camera (SN9C128) sonixj 0c45:6128 Microdia/Sonix SNP325 sonixj 0c45:612a Avant Camera sonixj 0c45:612c Typhoon Rasy Cam 1.3MPix diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/pxa_camera.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/pxa_camera.txt index b1137f9a53e..4f6d0ca0195 100644 --- a/Documentation/video4linux/pxa_camera.txt +++ b/Documentation/video4linux/pxa_camera.txt @@ -26,6 +26,55 @@ Global video workflow Once the last buffer is filled in, the QCI interface stops. + c) Capture global finite state machine schema + + +----+ +---+ +----+ + | DQ | | Q | | DQ | + | v | v | v + +-----------+ +------------------------+ + | STOP | | Wait for capture start | + +-----------+ Q +------------------------+ ++-> | QCI: stop | ------------------> | QCI: run | <------------+ +| | DMA: stop | | DMA: stop | | +| +-----------+ +-----> +------------------------+ | +| / | | +| / +---+ +----+ | | +|capture list empty / | Q | | DQ | | QCI Irq EOF | +| / | v | v v | +| +--------------------+ +----------------------+ | +| | DMA hotlink missed | | Capture running | | +| +--------------------+ +----------------------+ | +| | QCI: run | +-----> | QCI: run | <-+ | +| | DMA: stop | / | DMA: run | | | +| +--------------------+ / +----------------------+ | Other | +| ^ /DMA still | | channels | +| | capture list / running | DMA Irq End | not | +| | not empty / | | finished | +| | / v | yet | +| +----------------------+ +----------------------+ | | +| | Videobuf released | | Channel completed | | | +| +----------------------+ +----------------------+ | | ++-- | QCI: run | | QCI: run | --+ | + | DMA: run | | DMA: run | | + +----------------------+ +----------------------+ | + ^ / | | + | no overrun / | overrun | + | / v | + +--------------------+ / +----------------------+ | + | Frame completed | / | Frame overran | | + +--------------------+ <-----+ +----------------------+ restart frame | + | QCI: run | | QCI: stop | --------------+ + | DMA: run | | DMA: stop | + +--------------------+ +----------------------+ + + Legend: - each box is a FSM state + - each arrow is the condition to transition to another state + - an arrow with a comment is a mandatory transition (no condition) + - arrow "Q" means : a buffer was enqueued + - arrow "DQ" means : a buffer was dequeued + - "QCI: stop" means the QCI interface is not enabled + - "DMA: stop" means all 3 DMA channels are stopped + - "DMA: run" means at least 1 DMA channel is still running DMA usage --------- diff --git a/Documentation/video4linux/v4l2-framework.txt b/Documentation/video4linux/v4l2-framework.txt index 854808b67fa..d54c1e4c6a9 100644 --- a/Documentation/video4linux/v4l2-framework.txt +++ b/Documentation/video4linux/v4l2-framework.txt @@ -89,6 +89,11 @@ from dev (driver name followed by the bus_id, to be precise). If you set it up before calling v4l2_device_register then it will be untouched. If dev is NULL, then you *must* setup v4l2_dev->name before calling v4l2_device_register. +You can use v4l2_device_set_name() to set the name based on a driver name and +a driver-global atomic_t instance. This will generate names like ivtv0, ivtv1, +etc. If the name ends with a digit, then it will insert a dash: cx18-0, +cx18-1, etc. This function returns the instance number. + The first 'dev' argument is normally the struct device pointer of a pci_dev, usb_interface or platform_device. It is rare for dev to be NULL, but it happens with ISA devices or when one device creates multiple PCI devices, thus making diff --git a/Documentation/vm/Makefile b/Documentation/vm/Makefile index 6f562f778b2..27479d43a9b 100644 --- a/Documentation/vm/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/vm/Makefile @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ obj- := dummy.o # List of programs to build -hostprogs-y := slabinfo +hostprogs-y := slabinfo slqbinfo page-types # Tell kbuild to always build the programs always := $(hostprogs-y) diff --git a/Documentation/vm/balance b/Documentation/vm/balance index bd3d31bc491..c46e68cf934 100644 --- a/Documentation/vm/balance +++ b/Documentation/vm/balance @@ -75,15 +75,15 @@ Page stealing from process memory and shm is done if stealing the page would alleviate memory pressure on any zone in the page's node that has fallen below its watermark. -pages_min/pages_low/pages_high/low_on_memory/zone_wake_kswapd: These are -per-zone fields, used to determine when a zone needs to be balanced. When -the number of pages falls below pages_min, the hysteric field low_on_memory -gets set. This stays set till the number of free pages becomes pages_high. -When low_on_memory is set, page allocation requests will try to free some -pages in the zone (providing GFP_WAIT is set in the request). Orthogonal -to this, is the decision to poke kswapd to free some zone pages. That -decision is not hysteresis based, and is done when the number of free -pages is below pages_low; in which case zone_wake_kswapd is also set. +watemark[WMARK_MIN/WMARK_LOW/WMARK_HIGH]/low_on_memory/zone_wake_kswapd: These +are per-zone fields, used to determine when a zone needs to be balanced. When +the number of pages falls below watermark[WMARK_MIN], the hysteric field +low_on_memory gets set. This stays set till the number of free pages becomes +watermark[WMARK_HIGH]. When low_on_memory is set, page allocation requests will +try to free some pages in the zone (providing GFP_WAIT is set in the request). +Orthogonal to this, is the decision to poke kswapd to free some zone pages. +That decision is not hysteresis based, and is done when the number of free +pages is below watermark[WMARK_LOW]; in which case zone_wake_kswapd is also set. (Good) Ideas that I have heard: diff --git a/Documentation/vm/page-types.c b/Documentation/vm/page-types.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0833f44ba16 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/vm/page-types.c @@ -0,0 +1,698 @@ +/* + * page-types: Tool for querying page flags + * + * Copyright (C) 2009 Intel corporation + * Copyright (C) 2009 Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> + */ + +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <unistd.h> +#include <stdint.h> +#include <stdarg.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <getopt.h> +#include <limits.h> +#include <sys/types.h> +#include <sys/errno.h> +#include <sys/fcntl.h> + + +/* + * kernel page flags + */ + +#define KPF_BYTES 8 +#define PROC_KPAGEFLAGS "/proc/kpageflags" + +/* copied from kpageflags_read() */ +#define KPF_LOCKED 0 +#define KPF_ERROR 1 +#define KPF_REFERENCED 2 +#define KPF_UPTODATE 3 +#define KPF_DIRTY 4 +#define KPF_LRU 5 +#define KPF_ACTIVE 6 +#define KPF_SLAB 7 +#define KPF_WRITEBACK 8 +#define KPF_RECLAIM 9 +#define KPF_BUDDY 10 + +/* [11-20] new additions in 2.6.31 */ +#define KPF_MMAP 11 +#define KPF_ANON 12 +#define KPF_SWAPCACHE 13 +#define KPF_SWAPBACKED 14 +#define KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD 15 +#define KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL 16 +#define KPF_HUGE 17 +#define KPF_UNEVICTABLE 18 +#define KPF_NOPAGE 20 + +/* [32-] kernel hacking assistances */ +#define KPF_RESERVED 32 +#define KPF_MLOCKED 33 +#define KPF_MAPPEDTODISK 34 +#define KPF_PRIVATE 35 +#define KPF_PRIVATE_2 36 +#define KPF_OWNER_PRIVATE 37 +#define KPF_ARCH 38 +#define KPF_UNCACHED 39 + +/* [48-] take some arbitrary free slots for expanding overloaded flags + * not part of kernel API + */ +#define KPF_READAHEAD 48 +#define KPF_SLOB_FREE 49 +#define KPF_SLUB_FROZEN 50 +#define KPF_SLUB_DEBUG 51 + +#define KPF_ALL_BITS ((uint64_t)~0ULL) +#define KPF_HACKERS_BITS (0xffffULL << 32) +#define KPF_OVERLOADED_BITS (0xffffULL << 48) +#define BIT(name) (1ULL << KPF_##name) +#define BITS_COMPOUND (BIT(COMPOUND_HEAD) | BIT(COMPOUND_TAIL)) + +static char *page_flag_names[] = { + [KPF_LOCKED] = "L:locked", + [KPF_ERROR] = "E:error", + [KPF_REFERENCED] = "R:referenced", + [KPF_UPTODATE] = "U:uptodate", + [KPF_DIRTY] = "D:dirty", + [KPF_LRU] = "l:lru", + [KPF_ACTIVE] = "A:active", + [KPF_SLAB] = "S:slab", + [KPF_WRITEBACK] = "W:writeback", + [KPF_RECLAIM] = "I:reclaim", + [KPF_BUDDY] = "B:buddy", + + [KPF_MMAP] = "M:mmap", + [KPF_ANON] = "a:anonymous", + [KPF_SWAPCACHE] = "s:swapcache", + [KPF_SWAPBACKED] = "b:swapbacked", + [KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD] = "H:compound_head", + [KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL] = "T:compound_tail", + [KPF_HUGE] = "G:huge", + [KPF_UNEVICTABLE] = "u:unevictable", + [KPF_NOPAGE] = "n:nopage", + + [KPF_RESERVED] = "r:reserved", + [KPF_MLOCKED] = "m:mlocked", + [KPF_MAPPEDTODISK] = "d:mappedtodisk", + [KPF_PRIVATE] = "P:private", + [KPF_PRIVATE_2] = "p:private_2", + [KPF_OWNER_PRIVATE] = "O:owner_private", + [KPF_ARCH] = "h:arch", + [KPF_UNCACHED] = "c:uncached", + + [KPF_READAHEAD] = "I:readahead", + [KPF_SLOB_FREE] = "P:slob_free", + [KPF_SLUB_FROZEN] = "A:slub_frozen", + [KPF_SLUB_DEBUG] = "E:slub_debug", +}; + + +/* + * data structures + */ + +static int opt_raw; /* for kernel developers */ +static int opt_list; /* list pages (in ranges) */ +static int opt_no_summary; /* don't show summary */ +static pid_t opt_pid; /* process to walk */ + +#define MAX_ADDR_RANGES 1024 +static int nr_addr_ranges; +static unsigned long opt_offset[MAX_ADDR_RANGES]; +static unsigned long opt_size[MAX_ADDR_RANGES]; + +#define MAX_BIT_FILTERS 64 +static int nr_bit_filters; +static uint64_t opt_mask[MAX_BIT_FILTERS]; +static uint64_t opt_bits[MAX_BIT_FILTERS]; + +static int page_size; + +#define PAGES_BATCH (64 << 10) /* 64k pages */ +static int kpageflags_fd; +static uint64_t kpageflags_buf[KPF_BYTES * PAGES_BATCH]; + +#define HASH_SHIFT 13 +#define HASH_SIZE (1 << HASH_SHIFT) +#define HASH_MASK (HASH_SIZE - 1) +#define HASH_KEY(flags) (flags & HASH_MASK) + +static unsigned long total_pages; +static unsigned long nr_pages[HASH_SIZE]; +static uint64_t page_flags[HASH_SIZE]; + + +/* + * helper functions + */ + +#define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof((x)[0])) + +#define min_t(type, x, y) ({ \ + type __min1 = (x); \ + type __min2 = (y); \ + __min1 < __min2 ? __min1 : __min2; }) + +unsigned long pages2mb(unsigned long pages) +{ + return (pages * page_size) >> 20; +} + +void fatal(const char *x, ...) +{ + va_list ap; + + va_start(ap, x); + vfprintf(stderr, x, ap); + va_end(ap); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); +} + + +/* + * page flag names + */ + +char *page_flag_name(uint64_t flags) +{ + static char buf[65]; + int present; + int i, j; + + for (i = 0, j = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) { + present = (flags >> i) & 1; + if (!page_flag_names[i]) { + if (present) + fatal("unkown flag bit %d\n", i); + continue; + } + buf[j++] = present ? page_flag_names[i][0] : '_'; + } + + return buf; +} + +char *page_flag_longname(uint64_t flags) +{ + static char buf[1024]; + int i, n; + + for (i = 0, n = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) { + if (!page_flag_names[i]) + continue; + if ((flags >> i) & 1) + n += snprintf(buf + n, sizeof(buf) - n, "%s,", + page_flag_names[i] + 2); + } + if (n) + n--; + buf[n] = '\0'; + + return buf; +} + + +/* + * page list and summary + */ + +void show_page_range(unsigned long offset, uint64_t flags) +{ + static uint64_t flags0; + static unsigned long index; + static unsigned long count; + + if (flags == flags0 && offset == index + count) { + count++; + return; + } + + if (count) + printf("%lu\t%lu\t%s\n", + index, count, page_flag_name(flags0)); + + flags0 = flags; + index = offset; + count = 1; +} + +void show_page(unsigned long offset, uint64_t flags) +{ + printf("%lu\t%s\n", offset, page_flag_name(flags)); +} + +void show_summary(void) +{ + int i; + + printf(" flags\tpage-count MB" + " symbolic-flags\t\t\tlong-symbolic-flags\n"); + + for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(nr_pages); i++) { + if (nr_pages[i]) + printf("0x%016llx\t%10lu %8lu %s\t%s\n", + (unsigned long long)page_flags[i], + nr_pages[i], + pages2mb(nr_pages[i]), + page_flag_name(page_flags[i]), + page_flag_longname(page_flags[i])); + } + + printf(" total\t%10lu %8lu\n", + total_pages, pages2mb(total_pages)); +} + + +/* + * page flag filters + */ + +int bit_mask_ok(uint64_t flags) +{ + int i; + + for (i = 0; i < nr_bit_filters; i++) { + if (opt_bits[i] == KPF_ALL_BITS) { + if ((flags & opt_mask[i]) == 0) + return 0; + } else { + if ((flags & opt_mask[i]) != opt_bits[i]) + return 0; + } + } + + return 1; +} + +uint64_t expand_overloaded_flags(uint64_t flags) +{ + /* SLOB/SLUB overload several page flags */ + if (flags & BIT(SLAB)) { + if (flags & BIT(PRIVATE)) + flags ^= BIT(PRIVATE) | BIT(SLOB_FREE); + if (flags & BIT(ACTIVE)) + flags ^= BIT(ACTIVE) | BIT(SLUB_FROZEN); + if (flags & BIT(ERROR)) + flags ^= BIT(ERROR) | BIT(SLUB_DEBUG); + } + + /* PG_reclaim is overloaded as PG_readahead in the read path */ + if ((flags & (BIT(RECLAIM) | BIT(WRITEBACK))) == BIT(RECLAIM)) + flags ^= BIT(RECLAIM) | BIT(READAHEAD); + + return flags; +} + +uint64_t well_known_flags(uint64_t flags) +{ + /* hide flags intended only for kernel hacker */ + flags &= ~KPF_HACKERS_BITS; + + /* hide non-hugeTLB compound pages */ + if ((flags & BITS_COMPOUND) && !(flags & BIT(HUGE))) + flags &= ~BITS_COMPOUND; + + return flags; +} + + +/* + * page frame walker + */ + +int hash_slot(uint64_t flags) +{ + int k = HASH_KEY(flags); + int i; + + /* Explicitly reserve slot 0 for flags 0: the following logic + * cannot distinguish an unoccupied slot from slot (flags==0). + */ + if (flags == 0) + return 0; + + /* search through the remaining (HASH_SIZE-1) slots */ + for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flags); i++, k++) { + if (!k || k >= ARRAY_SIZE(page_flags)) + k = 1; + if (page_flags[k] == 0) { + page_flags[k] = flags; + return k; + } + if (page_flags[k] == flags) + return k; + } + + fatal("hash table full: bump up HASH_SHIFT?\n"); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); +} + +void add_page(unsigned long offset, uint64_t flags) +{ + flags = expand_overloaded_flags(flags); + + if (!opt_raw) + flags = well_known_flags(flags); + + if (!bit_mask_ok(flags)) + return; + + if (opt_list == 1) + show_page_range(offset, flags); + else if (opt_list == 2) + show_page(offset, flags); + + nr_pages[hash_slot(flags)]++; + total_pages++; +} + +void walk_pfn(unsigned long index, unsigned long count) +{ + unsigned long batch; + unsigned long n; + unsigned long i; + + if (index > ULONG_MAX / KPF_BYTES) + fatal("index overflow: %lu\n", index); + + lseek(kpageflags_fd, index * KPF_BYTES, SEEK_SET); + + while (count) { + batch = min_t(unsigned long, count, PAGES_BATCH); + n = read(kpageflags_fd, kpageflags_buf, batch * KPF_BYTES); + if (n == 0) + break; + if (n < 0) { + perror(PROC_KPAGEFLAGS); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + if (n % KPF_BYTES != 0) + fatal("partial read: %lu bytes\n", n); + n = n / KPF_BYTES; + + for (i = 0; i < n; i++) + add_page(index + i, kpageflags_buf[i]); + + index += batch; + count -= batch; + } +} + +void walk_addr_ranges(void) +{ + int i; + + kpageflags_fd = open(PROC_KPAGEFLAGS, O_RDONLY); + if (kpageflags_fd < 0) { + perror(PROC_KPAGEFLAGS); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + } + + if (!nr_addr_ranges) + walk_pfn(0, ULONG_MAX); + + for (i = 0; i < nr_addr_ranges; i++) + walk_pfn(opt_offset[i], opt_size[i]); + + close(kpageflags_fd); +} + + +/* + * user interface + */ + +const char *page_flag_type(uint64_t flag) +{ + if (flag & KPF_HACKERS_BITS) + return "(r)"; + if (flag & KPF_OVERLOADED_BITS) + return "(o)"; + return " "; +} + +void usage(void) +{ + int i, j; + + printf( +"page-types [options]\n" +" -r|--raw Raw mode, for kernel developers\n" +" -a|--addr addr-spec Walk a range of pages\n" +" -b|--bits bits-spec Walk pages with specified bits\n" +#if 0 /* planned features */ +" -p|--pid pid Walk process address space\n" +" -f|--file filename Walk file address space\n" +#endif +" -l|--list Show page details in ranges\n" +" -L|--list-each Show page details one by one\n" +" -N|--no-summary Don't show summay info\n" +" -h|--help Show this usage message\n" +"addr-spec:\n" +" N one page at offset N (unit: pages)\n" +" N+M pages range from N to N+M-1\n" +" N,M pages range from N to M-1\n" +" N, pages range from N to end\n" +" ,M pages range from 0 to M\n" +"bits-spec:\n" +" bit1,bit2 (flags & (bit1|bit2)) != 0\n" +" bit1,bit2=bit1 (flags & (bit1|bit2)) == bit1\n" +" bit1,~bit2 (flags & (bit1|bit2)) == bit1\n" +" =bit1,bit2 flags == (bit1|bit2)\n" +"bit-names:\n" + ); + + for (i = 0, j = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) { + if (!page_flag_names[i]) + continue; + printf("%16s%s", page_flag_names[i] + 2, + page_flag_type(1ULL << i)); + if (++j > 3) { + j = 0; + putchar('\n'); + } + } + printf("\n " + "(r) raw mode bits (o) overloaded bits\n"); +} + +unsigned long long parse_number(const char *str) +{ + unsigned long long n; + + n = strtoll(str, NULL, 0); + + if (n == 0 && str[0] != '0') + fatal("invalid name or number: %s\n", str); + + return n; +} + +void parse_pid(const char *str) +{ + opt_pid = parse_number(str); +} + +void parse_file(const char *name) +{ +} + +void add_addr_range(unsigned long offset, unsigned long size) +{ + if (nr_addr_ranges >= MAX_ADDR_RANGES) + fatal("too much addr ranges\n"); + + opt_offset[nr_addr_ranges] = offset; + opt_size[nr_addr_ranges] = size; + nr_addr_ranges++; +} + +void parse_addr_range(const char *optarg) +{ + unsigned long offset; + unsigned long size; + char *p; + + p = strchr(optarg, ','); + if (!p) + p = strchr(optarg, '+'); + + if (p == optarg) { + offset = 0; + size = parse_number(p + 1); + } else if (p) { + offset = parse_number(optarg); + if (p[1] == '\0') + size = ULONG_MAX; + else { + size = parse_number(p + 1); + if (*p == ',') { + if (size < offset) + fatal("invalid range: %lu,%lu\n", + offset, size); + size -= offset; + } + } + } else { + offset = parse_number(optarg); + size = 1; + } + + add_addr_range(offset, size); +} + +void add_bits_filter(uint64_t mask, uint64_t bits) +{ + if (nr_bit_filters >= MAX_BIT_FILTERS) + fatal("too much bit filters\n"); + + opt_mask[nr_bit_filters] = mask; + opt_bits[nr_bit_filters] = bits; + nr_bit_filters++; +} + +uint64_t parse_flag_name(const char *str, int len) +{ + int i; + + if (!*str || !len) + return 0; + + if (len <= 8 && !strncmp(str, "compound", len)) + return BITS_COMPOUND; + + for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) { + if (!page_flag_names[i]) + continue; + if (!strncmp(str, page_flag_names[i] + 2, len)) + return 1ULL << i; + } + + return parse_number(str); +} + +uint64_t parse_flag_names(const char *str, int all) +{ + const char *p = str; + uint64_t flags = 0; + + while (1) { + if (*p == ',' || *p == '=' || *p == '\0') { + if ((*str != '~') || (*str == '~' && all && *++str)) + flags |= parse_flag_name(str, p - str); + if (*p != ',') + break; + str = p + 1; + } + p++; + } + + return flags; +} + +void parse_bits_mask(const char *optarg) +{ + uint64_t mask; + uint64_t bits; + const char *p; + + p = strchr(optarg, '='); + if (p == optarg) { + mask = KPF_ALL_BITS; + bits = parse_flag_names(p + 1, 0); + } else if (p) { + mask = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0); + bits = parse_flag_names(p + 1, 0); + } else if (strchr(optarg, '~')) { + mask = parse_flag_names(optarg, 1); + bits = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0); + } else { + mask = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0); + bits = KPF_ALL_BITS; + } + + add_bits_filter(mask, bits); +} + + +struct option opts[] = { + { "raw" , 0, NULL, 'r' }, + { "pid" , 1, NULL, 'p' }, + { "file" , 1, NULL, 'f' }, + { "addr" , 1, NULL, 'a' }, + { "bits" , 1, NULL, 'b' }, + { "list" , 0, NULL, 'l' }, + { "list-each" , 0, NULL, 'L' }, + { "no-summary", 0, NULL, 'N' }, + { "help" , 0, NULL, 'h' }, + { NULL , 0, NULL, 0 } +}; + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + int c; + + page_size = getpagesize(); + + while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, + "rp:f:a:b:lLNh", opts, NULL)) != -1) { + switch (c) { + case 'r': + opt_raw = 1; + break; + case 'p': + parse_pid(optarg); + break; + case 'f': + parse_file(optarg); + break; + case 'a': + parse_addr_range(optarg); + break; + case 'b': + parse_bits_mask(optarg); + break; + case 'l': + opt_list = 1; + break; + case 'L': + opt_list = 2; + break; + case 'N': + opt_no_summary = 1; + break; + case 'h': + usage(); + exit(0); + default: + usage(); + exit(1); + } + } + + if (opt_list == 1) + printf("offset\tcount\tflags\n"); + if (opt_list == 2) + printf("offset\tflags\n"); + + walk_addr_ranges(); + + if (opt_list == 1) + show_page_range(0, 0); /* drain the buffer */ + + if (opt_no_summary) + return 0; + + if (opt_list) + printf("\n\n"); + + show_summary(); + + return 0; +} diff --git a/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt b/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt index ce72c0fe617..600a304a828 100644 --- a/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt +++ b/Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt @@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ There are three components to pagemap: value for each virtual page, containing the following data (from fs/proc/task_mmu.c, above pagemap_read): - * Bits 0-55 page frame number (PFN) if present + * Bits 0-54 page frame number (PFN) if present * Bits 0-4 swap type if swapped - * Bits 5-55 swap offset if swapped + * Bits 5-54 swap offset if swapped * Bits 55-60 page shift (page size = 1<<page shift) * Bit 61 reserved for future use * Bit 62 page swapped @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ There are three components to pagemap: * /proc/kpageflags. This file contains a 64-bit set of flags for each page, indexed by PFN. - The flags are (from fs/proc/proc_misc, above kpageflags_read): + The flags are (from fs/proc/page.c, above kpageflags_read): 0. LOCKED 1. ERROR @@ -49,6 +49,68 @@ There are three components to pagemap: 8. WRITEBACK 9. RECLAIM 10. BUDDY + 11. MMAP + 12. ANON + 13. SWAPCACHE + 14. SWAPBACKED + 15. COMPOUND_HEAD + 16. COMPOUND_TAIL + 16. HUGE + 18. UNEVICTABLE + 20. NOPAGE + +Short descriptions to the page flags: + + 0. LOCKED + page is being locked for exclusive access, eg. by undergoing read/write IO + + 7. SLAB + page is managed by the SLAB/SLOB/SLUB/SLQB kernel memory allocator + When compound page is used, SLUB/SLQB will only set this flag on the head + page; SLOB will not flag it at all. + +10. BUDDY + a free memory block managed by the buddy system allocator + The buddy system organizes free memory in blocks of various orders. + An order N block has 2^N physically contiguous pages, with the BUDDY flag + set for and _only_ for the first page. + +15. COMPOUND_HEAD +16. COMPOUND_TAIL + A compound page with order N consists of 2^N physically contiguous pages. + A compound page with order 2 takes the form of "HTTT", where H donates its + head page and T donates its tail page(s). The major consumers of compound + pages are hugeTLB pages (Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt), the SLUB etc. + memory allocators and various device drivers. However in this interface, + only huge/giga pages are made visible to end users. +17. HUGE + this is an integral part of a HugeTLB page + +20. NOPAGE + no page frame exists at the requested address + + [IO related page flags] + 1. ERROR IO error occurred + 3. UPTODATE page has up-to-date data + ie. for file backed page: (in-memory data revision >= on-disk one) + 4. DIRTY page has been written to, hence contains new data + ie. for file backed page: (in-memory data revision > on-disk one) + 8. WRITEBACK page is being synced to disk + + [LRU related page flags] + 5. LRU page is in one of the LRU lists + 6. ACTIVE page is in the active LRU list +18. UNEVICTABLE page is in the unevictable (non-)LRU list + It is somehow pinned and not a candidate for LRU page reclaims, + eg. ramfs pages, shmctl(SHM_LOCK) and mlock() memory segments + 2. REFERENCED page has been referenced since last LRU list enqueue/requeue + 9. RECLAIM page will be reclaimed soon after its pageout IO completed +11. MMAP a memory mapped page +12. ANON a memory mapped page that is not part of a file +13. SWAPCACHE page is mapped to swap space, ie. has an associated swap entry +14. SWAPBACKED page is backed by swap/RAM + +The page-types tool in this directory can be used to query the above flags. Using pagemap to do something useful: |