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Moving the request details print-out before the sanity checks that
might panic() enables us to analyse invalid requests without having
access to the line information of the stack dump.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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When dup_mmap() ooms we can end up with mm->mmap == NULL. The error
path does mmput() and unmap_vmas() gets a NULL vma which it
dereferences.
In exit_mmap() there is nothing to do at all for this case, we can
cancel the callpath right there.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: add sorely-needed comment]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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page_queue_congested() was introduced in 2002, but it was never used
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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No architectures use CONFIG_OUT_OF_LINE_PFN_TO_PAGE - it can be removed.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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xacct_add_tsk() relies on do_exit()->update_hiwater_xxx() and uses
mm->hiwater_xxx directly, this leads to 2 problems:
- taskstats_user_cmd() can call fill_pid()->xacct_add_tsk() at any
moment before the task exits, so we should check the current values of
rss/vm anyway.
- do_exit()->update_hiwater_xxx() calls are racy. An exiting thread can
be preempted right before mm->hiwater_xxx = new_val, and another thread
can use A_LOT of memory and exit in between. When the first thread
resumes it can be the last thread in the thread group, in that case we
report the wrong hiwater_xxx values which do not take A_LOT into
account.
Introduce get_mm_hiwater_rss() and get_mm_hiwater_vm() helpers and change
xacct_add_tsk() to use them. The first helper will also be used by
rusage->ru_maxrss accounting.
Kill do_exit()->update_hiwater_xxx() calls. Unless we are going to
decrease rss/vm there is no point to update mm->hiwater_xxx, and nobody
can look at this mm_struct when exit_mmap() actually unmaps the memory.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Frustratingly, gfp_t is really divided into two classes of flags. One are
the context dependent ones (can we sleep? can we enter filesystem? block
subsystem? should we use some extra reserves, etc.). The other ones are
the type of memory required and depend on how the algorithm is implemented
rather than the point at which the memory is allocated (highmem? dma
memory? etc).
Some of the functions which allocate a page and add it to page cache take
a gfp_t, but sometimes those functions or their callers aren't really
doing the right thing: when allocating pagecache page, the memory type
should be mapping_gfp_mask(mapping). When allocating radix tree nodes,
the memory type should be kernel mapped (not highmem) memory. The gfp_t
argument should only really be needed for context dependent options.
This patch doesn't really solve that tangle in a nice way, but it does
attempt to fix a couple of bugs.
- find_or_create_page changes its radix-tree allocation to only include
the main context dependent flags in order so the pagecache page may be
allocated from arbitrary types of memory without affecting the
radix-tree. In practice, slab allocations don't come from highmem
anyway, and radix-tree only uses slab allocations. So there isn't a
practical change (unless some fs uses GFP_DMA for pages).
- grab_cache_page_nowait() is changed to allocate radix-tree nodes with
GFP_NOFS, because it is not supposed to reenter the filesystem. This
bug could cause lock recursion if a filesystem is not expecting the
function to reenter the fs (as-per documentation).
Filesystems should be careful about exactly what semantics they want and
what they get when fiddling with gfp_t masks to allocate pagecache. One
should be as liberal as possible with the type of memory that can be used,
and same for the the context specific flags.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Direct IO can invalidate and sync a lot of pagecache pages in the mapping.
A 4K direct IO will actually try to sync and/or invalidate the pagecache
of the entire file, for example (which might be many GB or TB large).
Improve this by doing range syncs. Also, memory no longer has to be
unmapped to catch the dirty bits for syncing, as dirty bits would remain
coherent due to dirty mmap accounting.
This fixes the immediate DM deadlocks when doing direct IO reads to block
device with a mounted filesystem, if only by papering over the problem
somewhat rather than addressing the fsync starvation cases.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Fix a little of the coding style in mm/mmap.c
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup]
Signed-off-by: ZhenwenXu <helight.xu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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tiny-shmem shares most of its 130 lines of code with shmem and tends to
break when particular bits of shmem get modified. Unifying saves code and
makes keeping these two in sync much easier.
before:
14367 392 24 14783 39bf mm/shmem.o
396 72 8 476 1dc mm/tiny-shmem.o
after:
14367 392 24 14783 39bf mm/shmem.o
412 72 8 492 1ec mm/shmem.o tiny
Signed-off-by: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The initial implementation of checking TIF_MEMDIE covers the cases of OOM
killing. If the process has been OOM killed, the TIF_MEMDIE is set and it
return immediately. This patch includes:
1. add the case that the SIGKILL is sent by user processes. The
process can try to get_user_pages() unlimited memory even if a user
process has sent a SIGKILL to it(maybe a monitor find the process
exceed its memory limit and try to kill it). In the old
implementation, the SIGKILL won't be handled until the get_user_pages()
returns.
2. change the return value to be ERESTARTSYS. It makes no sense to
return ENOMEM if the get_user_pages returned by getting a SIGKILL
signal. Considering the general convention for a system call
interrupted by a signal is ERESTARTNOSYS, so the current return value
is consistant to that.
Lee:
An unfortunate side effect of "make-get_user_pages-interruptible" is that
it prevents a SIGKILL'd task from munlock-ing pages that it had mlocked,
resulting in freeing of mlocked pages. Freeing of mlocked pages, in
itself, is not so bad. We just count them now--altho' I had hoped to
remove this stat and add PG_MLOCKED to the free pages flags check.
However, consider pages in shared libraries mapped by more than one task
that a task mlocked--e.g., via mlockall(). If the task that mlocked the
pages exits via SIGKILL, these pages would be left mlocked and
unevictable.
Proposed fix:
Add another GUP flag to ignore sigkill when calling get_user_pages from
munlock()--similar to Kosaki Motohiro's 'IGNORE_VMA_PERMISSIONS flag for
the same purpose. We are not actually allocating memory in this case,
which "make-get_user_pages-interruptible" intends to avoid. We're just
munlocking pages that are already resident and mapped, and we're reusing
get_user_pages() to access those pages.
?? Maybe we should combine 'IGNORE_VMA_PERMISSIONS and '_IGNORE_SIGKILL
into a single flag: GUP_FLAGS_MUNLOCK ???
[Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com: ignore sigkill in get_user_pages during munlock]
Signed-off-by: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rohit Seth <rohitseth@google.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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These three statements manipulate local variables and do not need the lock
coverage.
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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bad_page() and rmap Eeek messages have said KERN_EMERG for a few years,
which I've followed in print_bad_pte(). These are serious system errors,
on a par with BUGs, but they're not quite emergencies, and we do our best
to carry on: say KERN_ALERT "BUG: " like the x86 oops does.
And remove the "Trying to fix it up, but a reboot is needed" line: it's
not untrue, but I hope the KERN_ALERT "BUG: " conveys as much.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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print_bad_pte() and bad_page() might each need ratelimiting - especially
for their dump_stacks, almost never of interest, yet not quite
dispensible. Correlating corruption across neighbouring entries can be
very helpful, so allow a burst of 60 reports before keeping quiet for the
remainder of that minute (or allow a steady drip of one report per
second).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Remove page_remove_rmap()'s vma arg, which was only for the Eeek message.
And remove the BUG_ON(page_mapcount(page) == 0) from CONFIG_DEBUG_VM's
page_dup_rmap(): we're trying to be more resilient about that than BUGs.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Complete zap_pte_range()'s coverage of bad pagetable entries by calling
print_bad_pte() on a pte_file in a linear vma and on a bad swap entry.
That needs free_swap_and_cache() to tell it, which will also have shown
one of those "swap_free" errors (but with much less information).
Similar checks in fork's copy_one_pte()? No, that would be more noisy
than helpful: we'll see them when parent and child exec or exit.
Where do_nonlinear_fault() calls print_bad_pte(): omit !VM_CAN_NONLINEAR
case, that could only be a bug in sys_remap_file_pages(), not a bad pte.
VM_FAULT_OOM rather than VM_FAULT_SIGBUS? Well, okay, that is consistent
with what happens if do_swap_page() operates a bad swap entry; but don't
we have patches to be more careful about killing when VM_FAULT_OOM?
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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print_bad_pte() is so far being called only when zap_pte_range() finds
negative page_mapcount, or there's a fault on a pte_file where it does not
belong. That's weak coverage when we suspect pagetable corruption.
Originally, it was called when vm_normal_page() found an invalid pfn: but
pfn_valid is expensive on some architectures and configurations, so 2.6.24
put that under CONFIG_DEBUG_VM (which doesn't help in the field), then
2.6.26 replaced it by a VM_BUG_ON (likewise).
Reinstate the print_bad_pte() in vm_normal_page(), but use a cheaper test
than pfn_valid(): memmap_init_zone() (used in bootup and hotplug) keep a
__read_mostly note of the highest_memmap_pfn, vm_normal_page() then check
pfn against that. We could call this pfn_plausible() or pfn_sane(), but I
doubt we'll need it elsewhere: of course it's not reliable, but gives much
stronger pagetable validation on many boxes.
Also use print_bad_pte() when the pte_special bit is found outside a
VM_PFNMAP or VM_MIXEDMAP area, instead of VM_BUG_ON.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Now that bad pages are kept out of circulation, there is no need for the
infamous page_remove_rmap() BUG() - once that page is freed, its negative
mapcount will issue a "Bad page state" message and the page won't be
freed. Removing the BUG() allows more info, on subsequent pages, to be
gathered.
We do have more info about the page at this point than bad_page() can know
- notably, what the pmd is, which might pinpoint something like low 64kB
corruption - but page_remove_rmap() isn't given the address to find that.
In practice, there is only one call to page_remove_rmap() which has ever
reported anything, that from zap_pte_range() (usually on exit, sometimes
on munmap). It has all the info, so remove page_remove_rmap()'s "Eeek"
message and leave it all to zap_pte_range().
mm/memory.c already has a hardly used print_bad_pte() function, showing
some of the appropriate info: extend it to show what we want for the rmap
case: pte info, page info (when there is a page) and vma info to compare.
zap_pte_range() already knows the pmd, but print_bad_pte() is easier to
use if it works that out for itself.
Some of this info is also shown in bad_page()'s "Bad page state" message.
Keep them separate, but adjust them to match each other as far as
possible. Say "Bad page map" in print_bad_pte(), and add a TAINT_BAD_PAGE
there too.
print_bad_pte() show current->comm unconditionally (though it should get
repeated in the usually irrelevant stack trace): sorry, I misled Nick
Piggin to make it conditional on vm_mm == current->mm, but current->mm is
already NULL in the exit case. Usually current->comm is good, though
exceptionally it may not be that of the mm (when "swapoff" for example).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Until now the bad_page() checkers have special-cased PageReserved, keeping
those pages out of circulation thereafter. Now extend the special case to
all: we want to keep ANY page with bad state out of circulation - the
"free" page may well be in use by something.
Leave the bad state of those pages untouched, for examination by
debuggers; except for PageBuddy - leaving that set would risk bringing the
page back.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Simplify the PAGE_FLAGS checking and clearing when freeing and allocating
a page: check the same flags as before when freeing, clear ALL the flags
(unless PageReserved) when freeing, check ALL flags off when allocating.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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zone_is_near_oom() is unused.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The vmscan bail out patch move nr_reclaimed variable to struct
scan_control. Unfortunately, indirect access can easily happen cache
miss.
if heavy memory pressure happend, that's ok.
cache miss already plenty. it is not observable.
but, if memory pressure is lite, performance degression is obserbable.
I compared following three pattern (it was mesured 10 times each)
hackbench 125 process 3000
hackbench 130 process 3000
hackbench 135 process 3000
2.6.28-rc6 bail-out
125 130 135 125 130 135
==============================================================
71.866 75.86 81.274 93.414 73.254 193.382
74.145 78.295 77.27 74.897 75.021 80.17
70.305 77.643 75.855 70.134 77.571 79.896
74.288 73.986 75.955 77.222 78.48 80.619
72.029 79.947 78.312 75.128 82.172 79.708
71.499 77.615 77.042 74.177 76.532 77.306
76.188 74.471 83.562 73.839 72.43 79.833
73.236 75.606 78.743 76.001 76.557 82.726
69.427 77.271 76.691 76.236 79.371 103.189
72.473 76.978 80.643 69.128 78.932 75.736
avg 72.545 76.767 78.534 76.017 77.03 93.256
std 1.89 1.71 2.41 6.29 2.79 34.16
min 69.427 73.986 75.855 69.128 72.43 75.736
max 76.188 79.947 83.562 93.414 82.172 193.382
about 4-5% degression.
Then, this patch introduces a temporary local variable.
result:
2.6.28-rc6 this patch
num 125 130 135 125 130 135
==============================================================
71.866 75.86 81.274 67.302 68.269 77.161
74.145 78.295 77.27 72.616 72.712 79.06
70.305 77.643 75.855 72.475 75.712 77.735
74.288 73.986 75.955 69.229 73.062 78.814
72.029 79.947 78.312 71.551 74.392 78.564
71.499 77.615 77.042 69.227 74.31 78.837
76.188 74.471 83.562 70.759 75.256 76.6
73.236 75.606 78.743 69.966 76.001 78.464
69.427 77.271 76.691 69.068 75.218 80.321
72.473 76.978 80.643 72.057 77.151 79.068
avg 72.545 76.767 78.534 70.425 74.2083 78.462
std 1.89 1.71 2.41 1.66 2.34 1.00
min 69.427 73.986 75.855 67.302 68.269 76.6
max 76.188 79.947 83.562 72.616 77.151 80.321
OK. the degression is disappeared.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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When the VM is under pressure, it can happen that several direct reclaim
processes are in the pageout code simultaneously. It also happens that
the reclaiming processes run into mostly referenced, mapped and dirty
pages in the first round.
This results in multiple direct reclaim processes having a lower
pageout priority, which corresponds to a higher target of pages to
scan.
This in turn can result in each direct reclaim process freeing
many pages. Together, they can end up freeing way too many pages.
This kicks useful data out of memory (in some cases more than half
of all memory is swapped out). It also impacts performance by
keeping tasks stuck in the pageout code for too long.
A 30% improvement in hackbench has been observed with this patch.
The fix is relatively simple: in shrink_zone() we can check how many
pages we have already freed, direct reclaim tasks break out of the
scanning loop if they have already freed enough pages and have reached
a lower priority level.
We do not break out of shrink_zone() when priority == DEF_PRIORITY,
to ensure that equal pressure is applied to every zone in the common
case.
However, in order to do this we do need to know how many pages we already
freed, so move nr_reclaimed into scan_control.
akpm: a historical interlude...
We tried this in 2004:
:commit e468e46a9bea3297011d5918663ce6d19094cf87
:Author: akpm <akpm>
:Date: Thu Jun 24 15:53:52 2004 +0000
:
:[PATCH] vmscan.c: dont reclaim too many pages
:
: The shrink_zone() logic can, under some circumstances, cause far too many
: pages to be reclaimed. Say, we're scanning at high priority and suddenly hit
: a large number of reclaimable pages on the LRU.
: Change things so we bale out when SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages have been reclaimed.
And we reverted it in 2006:
:commit 210fe530305ee50cd889fe9250168228b2994f32
:Author: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
:Date: Fri Jan 6 00:11:14 2006 -0800
:
: [PATCH] vmscan: balancing fix
:
: Revert a patch which went into 2.6.8-rc1. The changelog for that patch was:
:
: The shrink_zone() logic can, under some circumstances, cause far too many
: pages to be reclaimed. Say, we're scanning at high priority and suddenly
: hit a large number of reclaimable pages on the LRU.
:
: Change things so we bale out when SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages have been
: reclaimed.
:
: Problem is, this change caused significant imbalance in inter-zone scan
: balancing by truncating scans of larger zones.
:
: Suppose, for example, ZONE_HIGHMEM is 10x the size of ZONE_NORMAL. The zone
: balancing algorithm would require that if we're scanning 100 pages of
: ZONE_HIGHMEM, we should scan 10 pages of ZONE_NORMAL. But this logic will
: cause the scanning of ZONE_HIGHMEM to bale out after only 32 pages are
: reclaimed. Thus effectively causing smaller zones to be scanned relatively
: harder than large ones.
:
: Now I need to remember what the workload was which caused me to write this
: patch originally, then fix it up in a different way...
And we haven't demonstrated that whatever problem caused that reversion is
not being reintroduced by this change in 2008.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Fix the following sparse warnings:
mm/hugetlb.c:375:3: warning: returning void-valued expression
mm/hugetlb.c:408:3: warning: returning void-valued expression
Signed-off-by: Hannes Eder <hannes@hanneseder.net>
Acked-by: Nishanth Aravamudan <nacc@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Remove the srandom32((u32)get_seconds()) from non-rotational swapon:
there's been a coincidental discussion of earlier randomization, assume
that goes ahead, let swapon be a client rather than stirring for itself.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Change pgoff_t nr_blocks in discard_swap() and discard_swap_cluster() to
sector_t: given the constraints on swap offsets (in particular, the 5 bits
of swap type accommodated in the same unsigned long), pgoff_t was actually
safe as is, but it certainly looked worrying when shifted left.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix shift overflow]
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Though attempting to find free clusters (Andrea), swap allocation has
always restarted its searches from the beginning of the swap area (sct),
to reduce seek times between swap pages, by not scattering them all over
the partition.
But on a solidstate swap device, seeks are cheap, and block remapping to
level the wear may be limited by zones: in that case it's better to cycle
around the whole partition.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Swap allocation has always started from the beginning of the swap area;
but if we're dealing with a solidstate swap device which can only remap
blocks within limited zones, that would sooner wear out the first zone.
Therefore sys_swapon() test whether blk_queue is non-rotational, and if so
randomize the cluster_next starting position for allocation.
If blk_queue is nonrot, note SWP_SOLIDSTATE for later use, and report it
with an "SS" at the right end of the kernel's "Adding ... swap" message
(so that if it's both nonrot and discardable, "SSD" will be shown there).
Perhaps something should be shown in /proc/swaps (swapon -s), but we have
to be more cautious before making any addition to that format.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
When scan_swap_map() finds a free cluster of swap pages to allocate,
discard the old contents of the cluster if the device supports discard.
But don't bother when swap is so fragmented that we allocate single pages.
Be careful about racing allocations made while we're scanning for a
cluster; and hold up allocations made while we're discarding.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
When adding swap, all the old data on swap can be forgotten: sys_swapon()
discard all but the header page of the swap partition (or every extent but
the header of the swap file), to give a solidstate swap device the
opportunity to optimize its wear-levelling.
If that succeeds, note SWP_DISCARDABLE for later use, and report it with a
"D" at the right end of the kernel's "Adding ... swap" message. Perhaps
something should be shown in /proc/swaps (swapon -s), but we have to be
more cautious before making any addition to that format.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Before making functional changes, rearrange scan_swap_map() to simplify
subsequent diffs. Actually, there is one functional change in there:
leave cluster_nr negative while scanning for a new cluster - resetting it
early increased the likelihood that when we have difficulty finding a free
cluster, another task may come in and try doing exactly the same - just a
waste of cpu.
Before making functional changes, rearrange struct swap_info_struct
slightly: flags will be needed as an unsigned long (for wait_on_bit), next
is a good int to pair with prio, old_block_size is uninteresting so shift
it to the end.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
The kernel has not supported v0 SWAP-SPACE since 2.5.22: I think we can
now safely drop its "version 0 swap is no longer supported" message - just
say "Unable to find swap-space signature" as usual. This removes one
level of indentation from a stretch of sys_swapon().
I'd have liked to be specific, saying "Unable to find SWAPSPACE2
signature", but it's just too confusing that the version 1 signature shows
the number 2.
Irrelevant nearby cleanup: kmap(page) already gives page_address(page).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Remove trailing whitespace from swapfile.c, and odd swap_show() alignment.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Remove the SWP_ACTIVE mask: it just obscures the SWP_WRITEOK flag.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
sys_swapon()'s swapfilesize (better renamed swapfilepages) is declared as
an int, but should be an unsigned long like the maxpages it's compared
against: on 64-bit (with 4kB pages) a swapfile of 2^44 bytes was rejected
with "Swap area shorter than signature indicates".
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Sparse output following warning.
mm/page_alloc.c:4301:6: warning: symbol 'setup_per_zone_inactive_ratio' was not declared. Should it be static?
cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
sparse output following warning
mm/vmscan.c:2507:6: warning: symbol 'scan_zone_unevictable_pages' was not declared. Should it be static?
cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
sparse output following warning.
mm/vmscan.c:2549:6: warning: symbol 'scan_all_zones_unevictable_pages' was not declared. Should it be static?
cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Sparse output following warnings.
mm/memcontrol.c:782:5: warning: symbol 'mem_cgroup_resize_limit' was not
declared. Should it be static?
cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
sparse output following warnings.
mm/memory.c:2936:8: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different address spaces)
mm/memory.c:2936:8: expected void *maddr
mm/memory.c:2936:8: got void [noderef] <asn:2>
cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Sparse output following warning.
mm/page_cgroup.c:100:15: warning: symbol 'init_section_page_cgroup' was
not declared. Should it be static?
cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
memcg reclaim shouldn't change zone->recent_rotated statistics. If
memcgroup reclaim changes zone statistics, global reclaim can get a bit
confused.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Rik suggests a simplified get_scan_ratio() for !CONFIG_SWAP. Yes, the gcc
optimizer gives us that, when nr_swap_pages is #defined as 0L. Move usual
declaration to swapfile.c: it never belonged in page_alloc.c.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
If we add a failing stub for add_to_swap(), then we can remove the #ifdef
CONFIG_SWAP from mm/vmscan.c.
This was intended as a source cleanup, but looking more closely, it turns
out that the !CONFIG_SWAP case was going to keep_locked for an anonymous
page, whereas now it goes to the more suitable activate_locked, like the
CONFIG_SWAP nr_swap_pages 0 case.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Remove gfp_mask argument from add_to_swap(): it's misleading because its
only caller, shrink_page_list(), is not atomic at that point; and in due
course (implementing discard) we'll sometimes want to allocate some memory
with GFP_NOIO (as is used in swap_writepage) when allocating swap.
No change to the gfp_mask passed down to add_to_swap_cache(): still use
__GFP_HIGH without __GFP_WAIT (with nomemalloc and nowarn as before):
though it's not obvious if that's the best combination to ask for here.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
An unfortunate feature of the Unevictable LRU work was that reclaiming an
anonymous page involved an extra scan through the anon_vma: to check that
the page is evictable before allocating swap, because the swap could not
be freed reliably soon afterwards.
Now try_to_free_swap() has replaced remove_exclusive_swap_page(), that's
not an issue any more: remove try_to_munlock() call from
shrink_page_list(), leaving it to try_to_munmap() to discover if the page
is one to be culled to the unevictable list - in which case then
try_to_free_swap().
Update unevictable-lru.txt to remove comments on the try_to_munlock() in
shrink_page_list(), and shorten some lines over 80 columns.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
There's a possible race in try_to_unuse() which Nick Piggin led me to two
years ago. Where it does lock_page() after read_swap_cache_async(), what
if another task removed that page from swapcache just before we locked it?
It would sail though the (*swap_map > 1) tests doing nothing (because it
could not have been removed from swapcache before its swap references were
gone), until it reaches the delete_from_swap_cache(page) near the bottom.
Now imagine that this page has been allocated to swap on a different swap
area while we dropped page lock (perhaps at the top, perhaps in unuse_mm):
we could wrongly remove from swap cache before the page has been written
to swap, so a subsequent do_swap_page() would read in stale data from
swap.
I think this case could not happen before: remove_exclusive_swap_page()
refused while page count was raised. But now with reuse_swap_page() and
try_to_free_swap() removing from swap cache without minding page count, I
think it could happen - the previous patch argued that it was safe because
try_to_unuse() already ignored page count, but overlooked that it might be
breaking the assumptions in try_to_unuse() itself.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
remove_exclusive_swap_page(): its problem is in living up to its name.
It doesn't matter if someone else has a reference to the page (raised
page_count); it doesn't matter if the page is mapped into userspace
(raised page_mapcount - though that hints it may be worth keeping the
swap): all that matters is that there be no more references to the swap
(and no writeback in progress).
swapoff (try_to_unuse) has been removing pages from swapcache for years,
with no concern for page count or page mapcount, and we used to have a
comment in lookup_swap_cache() recognizing that: if you go for a page of
swapcache, you'll get the right page, but it could have been removed from
swapcache by the time you get page lock.
So, give up asking for exclusivity: get rid of
remove_exclusive_swap_page(), and remove_exclusive_swap_page_ref() and
remove_exclusive_swap_page_count() which were spawned for the recent LRU
work: replace them by the simpler try_to_free_swap() which just checks
page_swapcount().
Similarly, remove the page_count limitation from free_swap_and_count(),
but assume that it's worth holding on to the swap if page is mapped and
swap nowhere near full. Add a vm_swap_full() test in free_swap_cache()?
It would be consistent, but I think we probably have enough for now.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
A good place to free up old swap is where do_wp_page(), or do_swap_page(),
is about to redirty the page: the data on disk is then stale and won't be
read again; and if we do decide to write the page out later, using the
previous swap location makes an unnecessary disk seek very likely.
So give can_share_swap_page() the side-effect of delete_from_swap_cache()
when it safely can. And can_share_swap_page() was always a misleading
name, the more so if it has a side-effect: rename it reuse_swap_page().
Irrelevant cleanup nearby: remove swap_token_default_timeout definition
from swap.h: it's used nowhere.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
An application may rely on get_user_pages() to give it pages writable from
userspace and shared with a driver, GUP breaking COW if necessary. It may
mprotect() the pages' writability, off and on, from time to time.
Normally this works fine (so long as the app does not fork); but just
occasionally, under memory pressure, a readonly pte in a newly writable
area is COWed unnecessarily, breaking the link with the driver: because
do_wp_page() does trylock_page, and falls back to COW whenever that fails.
For reliable behaviour in the unshared case, when the trylock_page fails,
now unlock pagetable, lock page and relock pagetable, before deciding
whether Copy-On-Write is really necessary.
Reported-by: Zhou Yingchao
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
do_wp_page()'s VM_FAULT_WRITE return value tells __get_user_pages() that
COW has been done if necessary, though it may be leaving the pte without
write permission - for the odd case of forced writing to a readonly vma
for ptrace. At present GUP then retries the follow_page() without asking
for write permission, to escape an endless loop when forced.
But an application may be relying on GUP to guarantee a writable page
which won't be COWed again when written from userspace, whereas a race
here might leave a readonly pte in place? Change the VM_FAULT_WRITE
handling to ask follow_page() for write permission again, except in that
odd case of forced writing to a readonly vma.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
