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This patch creates a new kstrdup library function and changes the "local"
implementations in several places to use this function.
Most of the changes come from the sound and net subsystems. The sound part
had already been acknowledged by Takashi Iwai and the net part by David S.
Miller.
I left UML alone for now because I would need more time to read the code
carefully before making changes there.
Signed-off-by: Paulo Marques <pmarques@grupopie.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Patch to allocate the control structures for for ide devices on the node of
the device itself (for NUMA systems). The patch depends on the Slab API
change patch by Manfred and me (in mm) and the pcidev_to_node patch that I
posted today.
Does some realignment too.
Signed-off-by: Justin M. Forbes <jmforbes@linuxtx.org>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com>
Signed-off-by: Pravin Shelar <pravin@calsoftinc.com>
Signed-off-by: Shobhit Dayal <shobhit@calsoftinc.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Make sparse's initalization be accessible at runtime. This allows sparse
mappings to be created after boot in a hotplug situation.
This patch is separated from the previous one just to give an indication how
much of the sparse infrastructure is *just* for hotplug memory.
The section_mem_map doesn't really store a pointer. It stores something that
is convenient to do some math against to get a pointer. It isn't valid to
just do *section_mem_map, so I don't think it should be stored as a pointer.
There are a couple of things I'd like to store about a section. First of all,
the fact that it is !NULL does not mean that it is present. There could be
such a combination where section_mem_map *is* NULL, but the math gets you
properly to a real mem_map. So, I don't think that check is safe.
Since we're storing 32-bit-aligned structures, we have a few bits in the
bottom of the pointer to play with. Use one bit to encode whether there's
really a mem_map there, and the other one to tell whether there's a valid
section there. We need to distinguish between the two because sometimes
there's a gap between when a section is discovered to be present and when we
can get the mem_map for it.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The part of the sparsemem patch which modifies memmap_init_zone() has recently
become a problem. It changes behavior so that there is a call to
pfn_to_page() for each individual page inside of a node's range:
node_start_pfn through node_end_pfn. It used to simply do this once, at the
beginning of the node, but having sparsemem's non-contiguous mem_map[]s inside
of a node made it necessary to change.
Mike Kravetz recently wrote a patch which made the NUMA code accept some new
kinds of layouts. The system's memory was laid out like this, with node 0's
memory in two pieces: one before and one after node 1's memory:
Node 0: +++++ +++++
Node 1: +++++
Previous behavior before Mike's patch was to assign nodes like this:
Node 0: 00000 XXXXX
Node 1: 11111
Where the 'X' areas were simply thrown away. The new behavior was to make the
pg_data_t span node 0 across all of its areas, including areas that are really
node 1's: Node 0: 000000000000000 Node 1: 11111
This wastes a little bit of mem_map space, but ends up being OK, and more
fully utilizes the system's memory. memmap_init_zone() initializes all of the
"struct page"s for node 0, even for the "hole", but those never get used,
because there is no pfn_to_page() that resolves to those pages. However, only
calling pfn_to_page() once, memmap_init_zone() always uses the pages that were
allocated for node0->node_mem_map because:
struct page *start = pfn_to_page(start_pfn);
// effectively start = &node->node_mem_map[0]
for (page = start; page < (start + size); page++) {
init_page_here();...
page++;
}
Slow, and wasteful, but generally harmless.
But, modify that to call pfn_to_page() for each loop iteration (like sparsemem
does):
for (pfn = start_pfn; pfn < < (start_pfn + size); pfn++++) {
page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
}
And you end up trying to initialize node 1's pages too early, along with bogus
data from node 0. This patch checks for those weird layouts and declines to
touch the pages, making the more frequent pfn_to_page() calls OK to do.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Sparsemem abstracts the use of discontiguous mem_maps[]. This kind of
mem_map[] is needed by discontiguous memory machines (like in the old
CONFIG_DISCONTIGMEM case) as well as memory hotplug systems. Sparsemem
replaces DISCONTIGMEM when enabled, and it is hoped that it can eventually
become a complete replacement.
A significant advantage over DISCONTIGMEM is that it's completely separated
from CONFIG_NUMA. When producing this patch, it became apparent in that NUMA
and DISCONTIG are often confused.
Another advantage is that sparse doesn't require each NUMA node's ranges to be
contiguous. It can handle overlapping ranges between nodes with no problems,
where DISCONTIGMEM currently throws away that memory.
Sparsemem uses an array to provide different pfn_to_page() translations for
each SECTION_SIZE area of physical memory. This is what allows the mem_map[]
to be chopped up.
In order to do quick pfn_to_page() operations, the section number of the page
is encoded in page->flags. Part of the sparsemem infrastructure enables
sharing of these bits more dynamically (at compile-time) between the
page_zone() and sparsemem operations. However, on 32-bit architectures, the
number of bits is quite limited, and may require growing the size of the
page->flags type in certain conditions. Several things might force this to
occur: a decrease in the SECTION_SIZE (if you want to hotplug smaller areas of
memory), an increase in the physical address space, or an increase in the
number of used page->flags.
One thing to note is that, once sparsemem is present, the NUMA node
information no longer needs to be stored in the page->flags. It might provide
speed increases on certain platforms and will be stored there if there is
room. But, if out of room, an alternate (theoretically slower) mechanism is
used.
This patch introduces CONFIG_FLATMEM. It is used in almost all cases where
there used to be an #ifndef DISCONTIG, because SPARSEMEM and DISCONTIGMEM
often have to compile out the same areas of code.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Martin Bligh <mbligh@aracnet.com>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Allow architectures to indicate that they will be providing hooks to indice
installed memory areas, memory_present(). Provide prototypes for the i386
implementation.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Martin Bligh <mbligh@aracnet.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This gives DISCONTIGMEM a bit more help text to explain what it does, not just
when to choose it.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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I got some feedback from users who think that the new "Memory Model" menu is a
little invasive. This patch will hide that menu, except when
CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL is enabled *or* when an individual architecture wants it.
An individual arch may want to enable it because they've removed their
arch-specific DISCONTIG prompt in favor of the mm/Kconfig one.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The following patch applies on top of 2.6.12-rc2-mm1. It fixes a minor
user interaction issue, and an early reference to SPARSEMEM.
This "choice" menu would always default to FLATMEM, as it was listed first.
Move it to the end so that the other defaults have a chance first.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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There is some confusion that arose when working on SPARSEMEM patch between
what is needed for DISCONTIG vs. NUMA.
Multiple pg_data_t's are needed for DISCONTIGMEM or NUMA, independently.
All of the current NUMA implementations require an implementation of
DISCONTIG. Because of this, quite a lot of code which is really needed for
NUMA is actually under DISCONTIG #ifdefs. For SPARSEMEM, we changed some
of these #ifdefs to CONFIG_NUMA, but that broke the DISCONTIG=y and NUMA=n
case.
Introducing this new NEED_MULTIPLE_NODES config option allows code that is
needed for both NUMA or DISCONTIG to be separated out from code that is
specific to DISCONTIG.
One great advantage of this approach is that it doesn't require every
architecture to be converted over. All of the current implementations
should "just work", only the ones implementing SPARSEMEM will have to be
fixed up.
The change to free_area_init() makes it work inside, or out of the new
config option.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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With sparsemem being introduced, we need a central place for new
memory-related .config options: mm/Kconfig. This allows us to remove many
of the duplicated arch-specific options.
The new option, CONFIG_FLATMEM, is there to enable us to detangle NUMA and
DISCONTIGMEM. This is a requirement for sparsemem because sparsemem uses
the NUMA code without the presence of DISCONTIGMEM. The sparsemem patches
use CONFIG_FLATMEM in generic code, so this patch is a requirement before
applying them.
Almost all places that used to do '#ifndef CONFIG_DISCONTIGMEM' should use
'#ifdef CONFIG_FLATMEM' instead.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Generify the value fields in the page_flags. The aim is to allow the location
and size of these fields to be varied. Additionally we want to move away from
fixed allocations per field whilst still enforcing the overall bit utilisation
limits. We rely on the compiler to spot and optimise the accessor functions.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Introduce a simple allocator for the NUMA remap space. This space is very
scarce, used for structures which are best allocated node local.
This mechanism is also used on non-NUMA ia64 systems with a vmem_map to keep
the pgdat->node_mem_map initialized in a consistent place for all
architectures.
Issues:
o alloc_remap takes a node_id where we might expect a pgdat which was intended
to allow us to allocate the pgdat's using this mechanism; which we do not yet
do. Could have alloc_remap_node() and alloc_remap_nid() for this purpose.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The boot_pageset needs to be preserved for hotplugging and for off line
processors and nodes. Otherwise pointers will point into memory that has
now a different use. /proc/zoneinfo is currently showing strange results
if processors / nodes are not present.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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OOM killer prints a stray newline.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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It's common practice to msync a large address range regularly, in which
often only a few ptes have actually been dirtied since the previous pass.
sync_pte_range then goes much faster if it tests whether pte is dirty
before locating and accessing each struct page cacheline; and it is hardly
slowed by ptep_clear_flush_dirty repeating that test in the opposite case,
when every pte actually is dirty.
But beware, s390's pte_dirty always says false, since its dirty bit is kept
in the storage key, located via the struct page address. So skip this
optimization in its case: use a pte_maybe_dirty macro which just says true
if page_test_and_clear_dirty is implemented.
Signed-off-by: Abhijit Karmarkar <abhijitk@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Remember that ironic get_user_pages race? when the raised page_count on a
page swapped out led do_wp_page to decide that it had to copy on write, so
substituted a different page into userspace. 2.6.7 onwards have Andrea's
solution, where try_to_unmap_one backs out if it finds page_count raised.
Which works, but is unsatisfying (rmap.c has no other page_count heuristics),
and was found a few months ago to hang an intensive page migration test. A
year ago I was hesitant to engage page_mapcount, now it seems the right fix.
So remove the page_count hack from try_to_unmap_one; and use activate_page in
unuse_mm when dropping lock, to replace its secondary effect of helping
swapoff to make progress in that case.
Simplify can_share_swap_page (now called only on anonymous pages) to check
page_mapcount + page_swapcount == 1: still needs the page lock to stabilize
their (pessimistic) sum, but does not need swapper_space.tree_lock for that.
In do_swap_page, move swap_free and unlock_page below page_add_anon_rmap, to
keep sum on the high side, and correct when can_share_swap_page called.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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A small optimization to do_wp_page's check for whether to avoid copy by
reusing the page already mapped. It can never share a cached file page,
nor can it share a reserved page (often the empty zero page), so it's a
waste of time to lock and unlock in those cases. Which nowadays can both
be neatly excluded by a preliminary PageAnon test.
Christoph has reported that a preliminary page_count test proved valuable
for scalability here, but PageAnon covers more common cases all at once.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Since its birth, get_user_pages has been calling a misguided get_page_map
function. follow_page has already returned NULL if the pfn is invalid, we
cannot reach an invalid pfn from a validated struct page.
Remove get_page_map, and the messy rewind in get_user_pages to cope with
its failure. Oh, and could we please call that "struct page *page" like
everywhere else, instead of "struct page *map"?
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Since free_pages_check complains if PG_reclaim or PG_slab is set, bad_page
ought to clear them to avoid repetitive reports (Nikita noticed this too).
Let prep_new_page check page_count and PG_slab as free_pages_check does.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Strict mbind's check for currently mapped pages being on node has been
using a slow loop which re-evaluates pgd, pud, pmd, pte for each entry:
replace that by a standard four-level page table walk like others in mm.
Since mmap_sem is held for writing, page_table_lock can be taken at the
inner level to limit latency.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Strict mbind's check that pages already mapped are on right node has been
using pte_page without checking if pfn_valid, and without page_table_lock
to prevent spurious failures when try_to_unmap_one intervenes between the
pte_present and the pte_page.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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To improve shmem scalability, we allowed tmpfs instances which don't need
their blocks or inodes limited not to count them, and not to allocate any
sbinfo. Which was okay when the only use for the sbinfo was accounting
blocks and inodes; but since then a couple of unrelated projects extending
tmpfs want to store other data in the sbinfo. Whether either extension
reaches mainline is beside the point: I'm guilty of a bad design decision,
and should restore sbinfo to make any such future extensions easier.
So, once again allocate a shmem_sb_info for every shmem/tmpfs instance, and
now let max_blocks 0 indicate unlimited blocks, and max_inodes 0 unlimited
inodes. Brent Casavant verified (many months ago) that this does not
perceptibly impact the scalability (since the unlimited sbinfo cacheline is
repeatedly accessed but only once dirtied).
And merge shmem_set_size into its sole caller shmem_remount_fs.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Reduce size of the huge per_cpu_pageset structure in __initdata introduced
into mm1 with the pageset localization patchset. Use one specially
configured pageset per cpu for all zones and nodes during bootup.
- Avoid duplication of pageset initialization code.
- do the adding to the pageset list before potential free_pages_bulk
in free_hot_cold_page (otherwise we would have to hold a page
in a pageset during the period that the boot pagesets are in use).
- remove mistaken __cpuinitdata attribute and revert back to __initdata
for the boot pageset. A boot pageset is not necessary for cpu hotplug.
Tested for UP SMP NUMA on x86_64 (2.6.12-rc6-mm1): UP SMP NUMA Tested on
IA64 (2.6.12-rc5-mm2): NUMA (2.6.12-rc6-mm1 broken for IA64 because of
sparsemem patches)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The pageset array can potentially acquire a huge amount of memory on large
NUMA systems. F.e. on a system with 512 processors and 256 nodes there
will be 256*512 pagesets. If each pageset only holds 5 pages then we are
talking about 655360 pages.With a 16K page size on IA64 this results in
potentially 10 Gigabytes of memory being trapped in pagesets. The typical
cases are much less for smaller systems but there is still the potential of
memory being trapped in off node pagesets. Off node memory may be rarely
used if local memory is available and so we may potentially have memory in
seldom used pagesets without this patch.
The slab allocator flushes its per cpu caches every 2 seconds. The
following patch flushes the off node pageset caches in the same way by
tying into the slab flush.
The patch also changes /proc/zoneinfo to include the number of pages
currently in each pageset.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This patch provides more debug info when the system is OOM. It displays
memory stats (basically sysrq-m info) from __alloc_pages() when page
allocation fails and during OOM kill.
Thanks to Dave Jones for coming up with the idea.
Signed-off-by: Janet Morgan <janetmor@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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By making the offset argument of __read_page_state an unsigned long instead of
unsigned, we can avoid forcing the compiler to sign extend a usually constant
argument. This saves 1 instruction on x86-64.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin LaHaise <benjamin.c.lahaise@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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By making the offset argument of __mod_page_state an unsigned long instead
of unsigned, we can avoid forcing the compiler to sign extend a usually
constant argument. This saves 1 instruction on x86-64.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin LaHaise <benjamin.c.lahaise@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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try_to_free_pages accepts a third argument, order, but hasn't used it since
before 2.6.0. The following patch removes the argument and updates all the
calls to try_to_free_pages.
Signed-off-by: Darren Hart <dvhltc@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The topdown changes in 2.6.12-rc1 can cause large allocations with large
stack limit to fail, despite there being space available. The
mmap_base-len is only valid when len >= mmap_base. However, nothing in
topdown allocator checks this. It's only (now) caught at higher level,
which will cause allocation to simply fail. The following change restores
the fallback to bottom-up path, which will allow large allocations with
large stack limit to potentially still succeed.
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Ingo recently introduced a great speedup for allocating new mmaps using the
free_area_cache pointer which boosts the specweb SSL benchmark by 4-5% and
causes huge performance increases in thread creation.
The downside of this patch is that it does lead to fragmentation in the
mmap-ed areas (visible via /proc/self/maps), such that some applications
that work fine under 2.4 kernels quickly run out of memory on any 2.6
kernel.
The problem is twofold:
1) the free_area_cache is used to continue a search for memory where
the last search ended. Before the change new areas were always
searched from the base address on.
So now new small areas are cluttering holes of all sizes
throughout the whole mmap-able region whereas before small holes
tended to close holes near the base leaving holes far from the base
large and available for larger requests.
2) the free_area_cache also is set to the location of the last
munmap-ed area so in scenarios where we allocate e.g. five regions of
1K each, then free regions 4 2 3 in this order the next request for 1K
will be placed in the position of the old region 3, whereas before we
appended it to the still active region 1, placing it at the location
of the old region 2. Before we had 1 free region of 2K, now we only
get two free regions of 1K -> fragmentation.
The patch addresses thes issues by introducing yet another cache descriptor
cached_hole_size that contains the largest known hole size below the
current free_area_cache. If a new request comes in the size is compared
against the cached_hole_size and if the request can be filled with a hole
below free_area_cache the search is started from the base instead.
The results look promising: Whereas 2.6.12-rc4 fragments quickly and my
(earlier posted) leakme.c test program terminates after 50000+ iterations
with 96 distinct and fragmented maps in /proc/self/maps it performs nicely
(as expected) with thread creation, Ingo's test_str02 with 20000 threads
requires 0.7s system time.
Taking out Ingo's patch (un-patch available per request) by basically
deleting all mentions of free_area_cache from the kernel and starting the
search for new memory always at the respective bases we observe: leakme
terminates successfully with 11 distinctive hardly fragmented areas in
/proc/self/maps but thread creating is gringdingly slow: 30+s(!) system
time for Ingo's test_str02 with 20000 threads.
Now - drumroll ;-) the appended patch works fine with leakme: it ends with
only 7 distinct areas in /proc/self/maps and also thread creation seems
sufficiently fast with 0.71s for 20000 threads.
Signed-off-by: Wolfgang Wander <wwc@rentec.com>
Credit-to: "Richard Purdie" <rpurdie@rpsys.net>
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> (partly)
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This patch modifies the way pagesets in struct zone are managed.
Each zone has a per-cpu array of pagesets. So any particular CPU has some
memory in each zone structure which belongs to itself. Even if that CPU is
not local to that zone.
So the patch relocates the pagesets for each cpu to the node that is nearest
to the cpu instead of allocating the pagesets in the (possibly remote) target
zone. This means that the operations to manage pages on remote zone can be
done with information available locally.
We play a macro trick so that non-NUMA pmachines avoid the additional
pointer chase on the page allocator fastpath.
AIM7 benchmark on a 32 CPU SGI Altix
w/o patches:
Tasks jobs/min jti jobs/min/task real cpu
1 484.68 100 484.6769 12.01 1.97 Fri Mar 25 11:01:42 2005
100 27140.46 89 271.4046 21.44 148.71 Fri Mar 25 11:02:04 2005
200 30792.02 82 153.9601 37.80 296.72 Fri Mar 25 11:02:42 2005
300 32209.27 81 107.3642 54.21 451.34 Fri Mar 25 11:03:37 2005
400 34962.83 78 87.4071 66.59 588.97 Fri Mar 25 11:04:44 2005
500 31676.92 75 63.3538 91.87 742.71 Fri Mar 25 11:06:16 2005
600 36032.69 73 60.0545 96.91 885.44 Fri Mar 25 11:07:54 2005
700 35540.43 77 50.7720 114.63 1024.28 Fri Mar 25 11:09:49 2005
800 33906.70 74 42.3834 137.32 1181.65 Fri Mar 25 11:12:06 2005
900 34120.67 73 37.9119 153.51 1325.26 Fri Mar 25 11:14:41 2005
1000 34802.37 74 34.8024 167.23 1465.26 Fri Mar 25 11:17:28 2005
with slab API changes and pageset patch:
Tasks jobs/min jti jobs/min/task real cpu
1 485.00 100 485.0000 12.00 1.96 Fri Mar 25 11:46:18 2005
100 28000.96 89 280.0096 20.79 150.45 Fri Mar 25 11:46:39 2005
200 32285.80 79 161.4290 36.05 293.37 Fri Mar 25 11:47:16 2005
300 40424.15 84 134.7472 43.19 438.42 Fri Mar 25 11:47:59 2005
400 39155.01 79 97.8875 59.46 590.05 Fri Mar 25 11:48:59 2005
500 37881.25 82 75.7625 76.82 730.19 Fri Mar 25 11:50:16 2005
600 39083.14 78 65.1386 89.35 872.79 Fri Mar 25 11:51:46 2005
700 38627.83 77 55.1826 105.47 1022.46 Fri Mar 25 11:53:32 2005
800 39631.94 78 49.5399 117.48 1169.94 Fri Mar 25 11:55:30 2005
900 36903.70 79 41.0041 141.94 1310.78 Fri Mar 25 11:57:53 2005
1000 36201.23 77 36.2012 160.77 1458.31 Fri Mar 25 12:00:34 2005
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Shobhit Dayal <shobhit@calsoftinc.com>
Signed-off-by: Shai Fultheim <Shai@Scalex86.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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A lot of the code in arch/*/mm/hugetlbpage.c is quite similar. This patch
attempts to consolidate a lot of the code across the arch's, putting the
combined version in mm/hugetlb.c. There are a couple of uglyish hacks in
order to covert all the hugepage archs, but the result is a very large
reduction in the total amount of code. It also means things like hugepage
lazy allocation could be implemented in one place, instead of six.
Tested, at least a little, on ppc64, i386 and x86_64.
Notes:
- this patch changes the meaning of set_huge_pte() to be more
analagous to set_pte()
- does SH4 need s special huge_ptep_get_and_clear()??
Acked-by: William Lee Irwin <wli@holomorphy.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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When early zone reclaim is turned on the LRU is scanned more frequently when a
zone is low on memory. This limits when the zone reclaim can be called by
skipping the scan if another thread (either via kswapd or sync reclaim) is
already reclaiming from the zone.
Signed-off-by: Martin Hicks <mort@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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When using the early zone reclaim, it was noticed that allocating new pages
that should be spread across the whole system caused eviction of local pages.
This adds a new GFP flag to prevent early reclaim from happening during
certain allocation attempts. The example that is implemented here is for page
cache pages. We want page cache pages to be spread across the whole system,
and we don't want page cache pages to evict other pages to get local memory.
Signed-off-by: Martin Hicks <mort@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This is the core of the (much simplified) early reclaim. The goal of this
patch is to reclaim some easily-freed pages from a zone before falling back
onto another zone.
One of the major uses of this is NUMA machines. With the default allocator
behavior the allocator would look for memory in another zone, which might be
off-node, before trying to reclaim from the current zone.
This adds a zone tuneable to enable early zone reclaim. It is selected on a
per-zone basis and is turned on/off via syscall.
Adding some extra throttling on the reclaim was also required (patch
4/4). Without the machine would grind to a crawl when doing a "make -j"
kernel build. Even with this patch the System Time is higher on
average, but it seems tolerable. Here are some numbers for kernbench
runs on a 2-node, 4cpu, 8Gig RAM Altix in the "make -j" run:
wall user sys %cpu ctx sw. sleeps
---- ---- --- ---- ------ ------
No patch 1009 1384 847 258 298170 504402
w/patch, no reclaim 880 1376 667 288 254064 396745
w/patch & reclaim 1079 1385 926 252 291625 548873
These numbers are the average of 2 runs of 3 "make -j" runs done right
after system boot. Run-to-run variability for "make -j" is huge, so
these numbers aren't terribly useful except to seee that with reclaim
the benchmark still finishes in a reasonable amount of time.
I also looked at the NUMA hit/miss stats for the "make -j" runs and the
reclaim doesn't make any difference when the machine is thrashing away.
Doing a "make -j8" on a single node that is filled with page cache pages
takes 700 seconds with reclaim turned on and 735 seconds without reclaim
(due to remote memory accesses).
The simple zone_reclaim syscall program is at
http://www.bork.org/~mort/sgi/zone_reclaim.c
Signed-off-by: Martin Hicks <mort@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Here's the next round of these patches. These are totally different in
an attempt to meet the "simpler" request after the last patches. For
reference the earlier threads are:
http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=110839604924587&w=2
http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-mm&m=111461480721249&w=2
This set of patches replaces my other vm- patches that are currently in
-mm. So they're against 2.6.12-rc5-mm1 about half way through the -mm
patchset.
As I said already this patch is a lot simpler. The reclaim is turned on
or off on a per-zone basis using a syscall. I haven't tested the x86
syscall, so it might be wrong. It uses the existing reclaim/pageout
code with the small addition of a may_swap flag to scan_control
(patch 1/4).
I also added __GFP_NORECLAIM (patch 3/4) so that certain allocation
types can be flagged to never cause reclaim. This was a deficiency
that was in all of my earlier patch sets. Previously, doing a big
buffered read would fill one zone with page cache and then start to
reclaim from that same zone, leaving the other zones untouched.
Adding some extra throttling on the reclaim was also required (patch
4/4). Without the machine would grind to a crawl when doing a "make -j"
kernel build. Even with this patch the System Time is higher on
average, but it seems tolerable. Here are some numbers for kernbench
runs on a 2-node, 4cpu, 8Gig RAM Altix in the "make -j" run:
wall user sys %cpu ctx sw. sleeps
---- ---- --- ---- ------ ------
No patch 1009 1384 847 258 298170 504402
w/patch, no reclaim 880 1376 667 288 254064 396745
w/patch & reclaim 1079 1385 926 252 291625 548873
These numbers are the average of 2 runs of 3 "make -j" runs done right
after system boot. Run-to-run variability for "make -j" is huge, so
these numbers aren't terribly useful except to seee that with reclaim
the benchmark still finishes in a reasonable amount of time.
I also looked at the NUMA hit/miss stats for the "make -j" runs and the
reclaim doesn't make any difference when the machine is thrashing away.
Doing a "make -j8" on a single node that is filled with page cache pages
takes 700 seconds with reclaim turned on and 735 seconds without reclaim
(due to remote memory accesses).
The simple zone_reclaim syscall program is at
http://www.bork.org/~mort/sgi/zone_reclaim.c
This patch:
This adds an extra switch to the scan_control struct. It simply lets the
reclaim code know if its allowed to swap pages out.
This was required for a simple per-zone reclaimer. Without this addition
pages would be swapped out as soon as a zone ran out of memory and the early
reclaim kicked in.
Signed-off-by: Martin Hicks <mort@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Add /proc/zoneinfo file to display information about memory zones. Useful
to analyze VM behaviour.
Signed-off-by: Nikita Danilov <nikita@clusterfs.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This attempts to merge back the split maps. This code is mostly copied
from Chrisw's mlock merging from post 2.6.11 trees. The only difference is
in munmapped_error handling. Also passed prev to willneed/dontneed,
eventhogh they do not handle it now, since I felt it will be cleaner,
instead of handling prev in madvise_vma in some cases and in subfunction in
some cases.
Signed-off-by: Prasanna Meda <pmeda@akamai.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This attempts to avoid splittings when it is not needed, that is when
vm_flags are same as new flags. The idea is from the <2.6.11 mlock_fixup
and others. This will provide base for the next madvise merging patch.
Signed-off-by: Prasanna Meda <pmeda@akamai.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix a problem identified by Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
kswapd will set a zone into all_unreclaimable state if it sees that we're not
successfully reclaiming LRU pages. But that fails to notice that we're
successfully reclaiming slab obects, so we can set all_unreclaimable too soon.
So change shrink_slab() to return a success indication if it actually
reclaimed some objects, and don't assume that the zone is all_unreclaimable if
that is true. This means that we won't enter all_unreclaimable state if we
are successfully freeing slab objects but we're not yet actually freeing slab
pages, due to internal fragmentation.
(hm, this has a shortcoming. We could be successfully freeing ZONE_NORMAL
slab objects while being really oom on ZONE_DMA. If that happens then kswapd
might burn a lot of CPU. But given that there might be some slab objects in
ZONE_DMA, perhaps that is appropriate.)
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This is for use with slab users that pass a dynamically allocated slab name in
kmem_cache_create, so that before destroying the slab one can retrieve the name
and free its memory.
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@ghostprotocols.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
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fault_in_pages_readable() is being passed an incorrect `end' address, which
can result in writes accidentally faulting in pages which will not be affected
by the write() call.
Signed-off-by: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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try_to_unmap_cluster() does:
for (pte = pte_offset_map(pmd, address);
address < end; pte++, address += PAGE_SIZE) {
...
}
pte_unmap(pte);
It may take a little staring to notice, but pte can actually fall off the
end of the pte page in this iteration, which makes life difficult for
kmap_atomic() and the users not expecting it to BUG(). Of course, we're
somewhat lucky in that arithmetic elsewhere in the function guarantees that
at least one iteration is made, lest this force larger rearrangements to be
made. This issue and patch also apply to non-mm mainline and with trivial
adjustments, at least two related kernels.
Discovered during internal testing at Oracle.
Signed-off-by: William Irwin <wli@holomorphy.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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I came across the following problem while running ltp-aiodio testcases from
ltp-full-20050405 on linux-2.6.12-rc3-mm3. I tried running the tests with
EXT3 as well as JFS filesystems.
One or two fsx-linux testcases were hung after some time. These testcases
were hanging at wait_for_all_aios().
Debugging shows that there were some iocbs which were not getting completed
eventhough the last retry for those returned -EIOCBQUEUED. Also all such
pending iocbs represented READ operation.
Further debugging revealed that all such iocbs hit EOF in the DIO layer.
To be more precise, the "pos" from which they were trying to read was
greater than the "size" of the file. So the generic_file_direct_IO
returned 0.
This happens rarely as there is already a check in
__generic_file_aio_read(), for whether "pos" < "size" before calling direct
IO routine.
>size = i_size_read(inode);
>if (pos < size) {
> retval = generic_file_direct_IO(READ, iocb,
> iov, pos, nr_segs);
But for READ, we are taking the inode->i_sem only in the DIO layer. So it
is possible that some other process can change the size of the file before
we take the i_sem. In such a case ( when "pos" > "size"), the
__generic_file_aio_read() would return -EIOCBQUEUED even though there were
no I/O requests submitted by the DIO layer. This would cause the AIO layer
to expect aio_complete() for THE iocb, which doesnot happen. And thus the
test hangs forever, waiting for an I/O completion, where there are no
requests submitted at all.
The following patch makes __generic_file_aio_read() return 0 (instead of
returning -EIOCBQUEUED), on getting 0 from generic_file_direct_IO(), so
that the AIO layer does the aio_complete().
Testing:
I have tested the patch on a SMP machine(with 2 Pentium 4 (HT)) running
linux-2.6.12-rc3-mm3. I ran the ltp-aiodio testcases and none of the
fsx-linux tests hung. Also the aio-stress tests ran without any problem.
Signed-off-by: Suzuki K P <suzuki@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Suparna Bhattacharya <suparna@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Caused oopses again. Also fix potential mismatch in checking if
change_page_attr was needed.
To do it without races I needed to change mm/vmalloc.c to export a
__remove_vm_area that does not take vmlist lock.
Noticed by Terence Ripperda and based on a patch of his.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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As noted by Chris Wright, we need to do the full range of tests regardless
of whether MAP_FIXED is set or not, so re-organize get_unmapped_area()
slightly to do the sanity checks unconditionally.
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Prevent the topdown allocator from allocating mmap areas all the way
down to address zero.
We still allow a MAP_FIXED mapping of page 0 (needed for various things,
ranging from Wine and DOSEMU to people who want to allow speculative
loads off a NULL pointer).
Tested by Chris Wright.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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There is a bug in do_swap_page(): when swap page happens to be unreadable,
page filled with random data is mapped into user address space. The fix is
to check for PageUptodate and send SIGBUS in case of error.
Signed-Off-By: Kirill Korotaev <dev@sw.ru>
Signed-Off-By: Alexey Kuznetsov <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix OOPS when swapping on a device that doesn't have an unplug_io_fn defined
(eg, ATA Over Ethernet)
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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